Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Automotive Finance Operations
Results of Operations
The following table summarizes the operating results of our Automotive Finance operations for the periods indicated. The amounts presented are before the elimination of balances and transactions with our other operating segments and include eliminations of balances and transactions among our North American Operations and International operating segments.
Year ended December 31, ($ in millions) |
2006 |
2005 (Restated) |
2004 (Restated) |
2006-2005 % change |
2005-2004 % change |
||||||||||
Revenue |
|||||||||||||||
Consumer |
$ |
5,681 |
$ |
6,549 |
$ |
6,796 |
(13 |
) |
(4 |
) |
|||||
Commercial |
1,602 |
1,431 |
1,362 |
12 |
5 |
||||||||||
Operating leases |
7,734 |
7,022 |
6,567 |
10 |
7 |
||||||||||
Total automotive financing revenue |
15,017 |
15,002 |
14,725 |
– |
2 |
||||||||||
Interest expense |
(9,002 |
) |
(9,223 |
) |
(7,285 |
) |
(2 |
) |
27 |
||||||
Provision for credit losses |
(511 |
) |
(415 |
) |
(959 |
) |
23 |
(57 |
) |
||||||
Net automotive financing revenue |
5,504 |
5,364 |
6,481 |
3 |
(17 |
) |
|||||||||
Net loan servicing income |
270 |
122 |
58 |
121 |
110 |
||||||||||
Net gains on sales |
537 |
455 |
530 |
18 |
(14 |
) |
|||||||||
Investment income |
481 |
237 |
194 |
103 |
22 |
||||||||||
Other income |
2,341 |
2,710 |
2,058 |
(14 |
) |
32 |
|||||||||
Total net automotive financing revenue and other income |
9,133 |
8,888 |
9,321 |
3 |
(5 |
) |
|||||||||
Depreciation expense on operating leases |
(5,328 |
) |
(5,235 |
) |
(4,822 |
) |
2 |
9 |
|||||||
Other noninterest expense |
(2,748 |
) |
(2,356 |
) |
(2,641 |
) |
17 |
(11 |
) |
||||||
Income tax benefit (expense) |
117 |
(417 |
) |
(517 |
) |
(128 |
) |
(19 |
) |
||||||
Net income |
$ |
1,174 |
$ |
880 |
$ |
1,341 |
33 |
(34 |
) |
||||||
Total assets |
$ |
153,410 |
$ |
192,424 |
$ |
223,541 |
(20 |
) |
(14 |
) |
|||||
2006 Compared to 2005
Automotive Finance operations net income increased 33% during the 2006 year. Net income was positively impacted by $383 million related to the write-off of certain net deferred tax liabilities as part of our conversion to an LLC during November 2006. Results for 2006 include the earnings impact of $1 billion debt tender offer to repurchase certain deferred interest debentures, which resulted in an after-tax unfavorable impact of $135 million during the third quarter. Absent the impact of the tender offer and the write-off of certain deferred taxes, Automotive Finance net income in 2006 was $46 million higher than in 2005.
Total automotive financing revenue was relatively flat in 2006, compared to the prior year, as lower consumer revenue was offset by higher commercial and operating lease revenues in the North American operations. The decrease in consumer revenue was consistent with the reduction in consumer asset levels as a result of continued whole loan sale activity. Consumer automotive finance receivables declined by approximately $10.4 billion, or 15%, since December 31, 2005. The size of our commercial finance receivable portfolio was relatively consistent with 2005. Commercial revenue increased approximately 12% year over year as a result of higher earning rates on the portfolio from an increase in market interest rates in 2006. Operating lease revenue and related depreciation expense increased 10% and 2%, respectively, year over year consistent with the higher average size of the operating lease portfolio. The increase in the average portfolio is reflective of continued strong lease volumes in North American operations and higher average customer balances.
Interest expense decreased 2% compared to 2005. When excluding the unfavorable pretax impact of the debt tender offer of approximately $225 million, interest expense decreased approximately 5%. This decline in interest was mainly due to the decrease in our debt balance, which was partially offset by higher market interest rates.
The provision for credit losses increased in comparison to the prior year, which is largely a result of a deterioration in the credit performance of the consumer portfolio in North America, as a result of increased loss frequency and severity. Refer to the Credit Risk discussion within this Automotive Finance Operations section of the MD&A for further discussion.
Our servicing fee income increased 121% compared to 2005. This increase was primarily related to the increase in our average serviced asset base. Investment income increased in 2006, as compared to 2005. The increase is largely a result of higher short-term interest rates and asset balances in 2006 versus 2005. In addition, noninterest expenses increased in comparison with 2005 levels due to an overall decline in operating lease remarketing results because of a softening in used vehicle prices and an overall decrease in lease termination volume.
Total income tax expense declined by $534 million in 2006, as compared to 2005, primarily due to our conversion to an LLC. A decline in pre-tax income for the year, lower Canadian corporate and provincial tax rates and the elimination of the Large Corporation Tax in Canada during the second quarter also contributed to the decline.
Prior to the Sale Transactions, we distributed to GM certain assets with respect to automotive leases owned by us and our affiliates having a net book value of $4.0 billion and related deferred tax liabilities of $1.8 billion. The distribution consisted of $12.6 billion of U.S. operating lease assets, $1.5 billion of restricted cash and miscellaneous assets and a $10.1 billion note payable.
2005 Compared to 2004
Automotive Finance operations net income was $880 million, a decrease of 34% in comparison to 2004. Income decreased primarily due to lower net interest margins as a result of higher borrowing costs. The decline in net interest margins was partially offset by lower consumer credit provisions, primarily as a result of lower asset levels and improved credit performance. Net income from International operations remained strong at $408 million in 2005, as compared to $415 million earned in 2004, despite a decrease in net interest margins.
Total automotive financing revenue increased 2% as compared to 2004. The commercial portfolio benefited from an increase in market interest rates as the majority of the portfolio is of a floating rate nature. Operating lease revenue increased year over year as the size of the operating lease portfolio increased by approximately 20% since December 2004. The increase in the portfolio is reflective of GM’s shift of some marketing incentives to consumer leases from retail contracts late in 2004.
Our provision for losses decreased 57% as compared to the 2004 year. This decrease resulted from a combination of lower consumer asset levels primarily due to an increase in whole loan sales, improved loss performance on retail contracts.
The increase in interest expense of $1.9 billion is consistent with the overall increase in market interest rates during the year, but also reflective of the widening of our corporate credit spreads as we experienced a series of credit rating actions over the past few years. The impact of the increased spreads will continue to affect results, as our lower cost debt matures, leaving debt borrowed at higher spreads on the books. Refer to the Funding and Liquidity section of this MD&A for further discussion.
Our servicing fee income increased 110% compared to 2004, due to an increase in whole loan sales activity.
Industry and Competition
The consumer automotive finance market is one of the largest consumer finance segments in the United States. The industry is generally segmented according to the type of vehicle sold (new versus used) and the buyer’s credit characteristics (prime, nonprime or sub-prime). In 2006 and 2005 we purchased or originated $60.7 billion and $58.4 billion, respectively, of consumer automotive retail or lease contracts.
The consumer automotive finance business is largely dependent on new vehicle sales volumes, manufacturers’ promotions and the overall macroeconomic environment. Competition tends to intensify when vehicle production decreases. Because of our relationship with GM, our penetration of GM volumes generally increases when GM uses subvented financing rates as a part of its promotion program. In conjunction with the Sale Transaction GM has agreed to continue to provide vehicle financing and leasing incentives exclusively through us for a 10 year period.
The consumer automotive finance business is highly competitive. We face intense competition from large suppliers of consumer automotive finance, which include captive automotive finance companies, large national banks and consumer finance companies. In addition, we face competition from smaller suppliers, including regional banks, savings and loans associations and specialized providers, such as local credit unions. Some of our larger competitors have access to significant capital and resources. Smaller suppliers often have a dominant position in a specific region or niche segment, such as used vehicle finance or nonprime customers.
Commercial financing competitors are primarily comprised of other manufacturer’s affiliated finance companies, independent commercial finance companies and national and regional banks. Refer to Risk Factors for further discussion.
Consumer Automotive Financing
We provide two basic types of financing for new and used vehicles: retail automotive contracts and automotive lease contracts. In most cases, we purchase retail contracts and leases for new and used vehicles from GM-affiliated dealers when the vehicles are purchased by consumers. In a number of markets outside the United States, we are a direct lender to the consumer. Our consumer automotive financing operations generate revenue through finance charges or lease payments and fees paid by customers on the retail contracts and leases. In connection with lease contracts, we also recognize a gain or loss on the remarketing of the vehicle. For purposes of discussion in this section of the MD&A, the loans related to our automotive lending activities are referred to as retail contracts. The following discussion centers on our operations in the United States, which are generally reflective of our global business practices; however, certain countries have unique statutory or regulatory requirements that impact business practices. The effects of such requirements are not significant to our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
The amount we pay a dealer for a retail contract is based on the negotiated purchase price of the vehicle and any other products, such as extended service contracts, less any vehicle trade-in value and any down payment from the consumer. Under the retail contract, the consumer is obligated to make payments in an amount equal to the purchase price of the vehicle (less any trade-in or down payment) plus finance charges at a rate negotiated between the consumer and the dealer. In addition, the consumer is also responsible for charges related to past due payments. When we purchase the contract, it is normal business practice for the dealer to retain some portion of the finance charge as income for the dealership, such that some of the finance charges the consumer pays to us and the remainder is paid to the dealer. Our agreements with dealers place a limit on the amount of the finance charges they are entitled to retain. While we do not own the vehicles we finance through retail contracts, we hold a perfected security interest in those vehicles.
With respect to consumer leasing, we purchase leases (and the associated vehicles) from dealerships. The purchase prices of the consumer leases are based on the negotiated price for the vehicle, less any vehicle trade-in and down payment from the consumer. Under the lease, the consumer is obligated to make payments in amounts equal to the amount by which the negotiated purchase price of the vehicle (less any trade-in value and any down payment) exceeds the projected residual value (including rate support) of the vehicle at lease termination, plus lease charges. The consumer is also responsible for charges for past due payments, excess mileage and excessive wear and tear. When the lease contract is entered into, we estimate the residual value of the leased vehicle at lease termination. We base our determination of the projected residual values on a guide published by an independent publisher of vehicle residual values, which is stated as a percentage of the manufacturer’s suggested retail price. These projected values may be upwardly adjusted as a marketing incentive, if GM or GMAC considers an above-market residual appropriate to encourage consumers to lease vehicles or for a low mileage lease program. Our standard leasing plan, SmartLease, requires a monthly payment by the consumer. We also offer an alternative leasing plan, SmartLease Plus, which requires one up-front payment of all lease amounts at the time the consumer takes possession of the vehicle.
In addition to the SmartLease plans, we offer the SmartBuy plan through dealerships to consumers. SmartBuy combines certain features of a lease contract with those of a traditional retail contract. Under the SmartBuy plan, the customer pays regular monthly payments that are generally lower than would otherwise be owed under a traditional retail contract. At the end of the contract, the customer has several options, including keeping the vehicle by making a final balloon payment or returning the vehicle to us and paying a disposal fee plus any applicable excess wear and excess mileage charges. Unlike a lease contract, during the course of the SmartBuy contract the customer owns the vehicle, and we hold a perfected security interest in the vehicle.
With respect to all financed vehicles, whether subject to a retail contract or a lease contract, we require that property damage insurance be maintained by the consumer. In addition, on lease contracts we require that bodily injury and comprehensive and collision insurance be maintained by the consumer.
Consumer automotive finance retail revenue accounted for $5.7 billion, $6.5 billion and $6.8 billion of our revenue in 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively.
The following table summarizes our new vehicle consumer financing volume and our share of GM retail sales:
GMAC volume |
Share of GM retail sales |
|||||||||||||||||
Year ended December 31, (units in thousands) |
2006 |
2005 |
2004 |
2006 |
2005 |
2004 |
||||||||||||
GM vehicles |
||||||||||||||||||
North America |
||||||||||||||||||
Retail contracts |
973 |
984 |
1,396 |
29 |
% |
27 |
% |
36 |
% |
|||||||||
Leases |
624 |
574 |
489 |
19 |
% |
15 |
% |
13 |
% |
|||||||||
Total North America |
1,597 |
1,558 |
1,885 |
48 |
% |
42 |
% |
49 |
% |
|||||||||
International (retail contracts and leases) |
533 |
527 |
534 |
24 |
% |
26 |
% |
30 |
% |
|||||||||
Total GM units financed |
2,130 |
2,085 |
2,419 |
38 |
% |
36 |
% |
43 |
% |
|||||||||
Non-GM units financed |
68 |
72 |
74 |
|||||||||||||||
Total consumer automotive financing volume |
2,198 |
2,157 |
2,493 |
|||||||||||||||
Our consumer automotive financing volume and penetration levels are significantly impacted by the nature, timing and extent of GM’s use of rate, residual and other financing incentives for marketing purposes on consumer retail automotive contracts and leases. Our penetration levels were higher in 2006 than what was experienced in 2005, primarily as a result of a GM marketing program run in July, the 72-hour sale, which offered consumers special rate financing on retail contracts for up to 72 months. Conversely, GM’s Employee Discount for Everyone marketing program, which was introduced in June 2005 and ran through September 2005, had a negative impact on our penetration levels in 2005. Although GM benefited from an increase in sales, our penetration levels decreased, as the program did not provide consumers with additional incentives to finance with us. Our International operations’ consumer penetration levels declined, primarily as a result of a reduction in GM incentives on new vehicles, as well as the inclusion of GM vehicle sales in China in the penetration calculation, where we commenced operations in late 2004.
GM Marketing Incentives
GM may elect to sponsor incentive programs (on both retail contracts and leases) by supporting financing rates below the standard market rates at which we purchase retail contracts. Such marketing incentives are also referred to as rate support or subvention. When GM utilizes these marketing incentives, it pays us at contract inception the present value of the difference between the customer rate and our standard rates, which we defer and recognize as a yield adjustment over the life of the contract.
GM may also provide incentives, referred to as residual support, on leases. As previously mentioned, we bear a portion of the risk of loss to the extent the value of a leased vehicle upon remarketing is below the projected residual value of the vehicle at the time the lease contract is signed. However, these projected values may be upwardly adjusted as a marketing incentive, if GM considers an above-market residual appropriate to encourage consumers to lease vehicles. Such residual support by GM results in a lower monthly lease payment by the consumer. GM reimburses us to the extent remarketing sales proceeds are less than the residual value set forth in the lease contract. In addition to GM residual support, in some cases, GMAC may provide residual support on leases to further encourage consumers to lease certain vehicles.
In addition to the residual support arrangement, GM shares in residual risk on all off-lease vehicles sold at auction. Specifically, we and GM share a portion of the loss when resale proceeds fall below the standard residual values on vehicles sold at auction. GM reimburses us for a portion of the difference between proceeds and the standard residual value (up to a specified limit).
Under what we refer to as pull ahead programs, consumers are encouraged to terminate leases early in conjunction with the acquisition of a new GM vehicle. As part of these programs, we waive the customer’s remaining payment obligation, and under most programs, GM compensates us for the foregone revenue from the waived payments. Additionally, since these programs generally accelerate our remarketing of the vehicle, the sale proceeds are typically higher than otherwise would have been realized had the vehicle been remarketed at lease contract maturity. The reimbursement from GM for the foregone payments is, therefore, reduced by the amount of this benefit.
In connection with the sale, we amended our risk sharing agreement with GM. The new agreement will apply to new lease contracts entered into after November 30, 2006. GM is responsible for risk sharing on returned lease vehicles in the U.S. and Canada whose resale proceeds are below standard residual values (limited to a floor). GM will also pay us a quarterly leasing payment in connection with the agreement beginning in the first quarter of 2009 and ending in the fourth quarter of 2014.
Additionally, we entered into an exclusivity agreement with GM where U.S. vehicle financing and leasing incentives will be offered only through us for a period of 10 years. In connection with our right to use the “GMAC” name and for the exclusivity related to special financing and leasing incentives, we will pay GM an annual fee of $75 million. We will have the right to prepay these exclusivity fees to GM at any time.
The following table summarizes the percentage of our annual retail contracts and lease volume that includes GM-sponsored rate and residual incentives.
Year ended December 31, |
2006 |
2005 |
2004 |
||||||
North America |
90 |
% |
78 |
% |
63 |
% |
|||
International |
49 |
% |
53 |
% |
58 |
% |
Consumer Credit Approval
Before purchasing a retail contract or lease from the dealer, we perform a credit review based on information provided by the dealer. As part of this process we evaluate, among other things, the following factors:
- the consumer’s credit history, including any prior experience with us;
- the asset value of the vehicle and the amount of equity (down payment) in the vehicle; and
- the term of the retail contract or lease.
We use a proprietary credit scoring system to support this credit approval process and to manage the credit quality of the portfolio. We use credit scoring to differentiate expected default rates of credit applicants, enabling us to better evaluate credit applications for approval and to tailor the pricing and financing structure based on this assessment of credit risk. We periodically review our credit scoring models and update them based on historical information and current trends. However, these actions by management do not eliminate credit risk. Improper evaluations of contracts for purchase and changes in the applicant’s financial condition subsequent to approval could negatively affect the quality of our receivables portfolio, resulting in credit losses.
Upon successful completion of our credit underwriting process, we purchase the retail automotive financing contract or lease from the dealer.
Consumer Credit Risk Management
Credit losses in our consumer automotive retail contract and lease portfolio are influenced by general business and economic conditions, such as unemployment rates, bankruptcy filings and used vehicle prices. We analyze credit losses according to frequency (i.e., the number of contracts that default) and severity (i.e., the dollar magnitude of loss per occurrence of default). We manage credit risk through our contract purchase policy, credit approval process (including our proprietary credit scoring system) and servicing capabilities.
In general, the credit quality of the off-balance sheet portfolio is representative of our overall managed consumer automotive retail contract portfolio. However, the process of creating a pool of retail automotive finance receivables for securitization or sale typically involves excluding retail contracts that are greater than 30 days delinquent at such time. In addition, the process involves selecting from a pool of receivables that are currently outstanding and therefore, represent “seasoned” contracts. A seasoned portfolio that excludes delinquent contracts historically results in better credit performance in the managed portfolio than in the on-balance sheet portfolio of retail automotive finance receivables. In addition, the current off-balance sheet transactions are comprised mainly of subvented rate retail automotive finance receivables, which generally attract higher quality customers (who would otherwise be cash purchasers) than customers typically associated with non-subvented receivables.
The managed portfolio includes retail receivables held on-balance sheet for investment and receivables securitized and sold that we continue to service and in which we have a continuing involvement (i.e., in which we retain an interest or risk of loss in the underlying receivables); it excludes securitized and sold automotive finance receivables that we continue to service but in which we have no other continuing involvement (serviced-only portfolio). We believe the disclosure of the managed portfolio credit experience presents a more complete presentation of our credit exposure because the managed basis reflects not only on-balance sheet receivables but also securitized assets in which we retain a risk of loss in the underlying assets (typically in the form of a subordinated retained interest).
The following tables summarize pertinent loss experience in the managed and on-balance sheet consumer automotive retail contract portfolio. Consistent with the presentation in our Consolidated Balance Sheet, retail contracts presented in the table represent the principal balance of the automotive finance receivable less unearned income.
Year ended December 31, ($ in millions) |
Average retail assets |
Annual charge-offs, net of recoveries(a) |
Net charge-off rate |
||||||||||||||||||
2006 |
2006 |
2005 |
2004 |
2006 |
2005 |
2004 |
|||||||||||||||
Managed |
|||||||||||||||||||||
North America |
$ |
55,715 |
$ |
569 |
$ |
735 |
$ |
912 |
1.02 |
% |
0.99 |
% |
1.10 |
% |
|||||||
International |
15,252 |
112 |
132 |
130 |
0.73 |
% |
0.89 |
% |
0.94 |
% |
|||||||||||
Total managed |
$ |
70,967 |
$ |
681 |
$ |
867 |
$ |
1,042 |
0.96 |
% |
0.98 |
% |
1.08 |
% |
|||||||
On-balance sheet |
|||||||||||||||||||||
North America |
$ |
50,305 |
$ |
559 |
$ |
719 |
$ |
890 |
1.11 |
% |
1.05 |
% |
1.18 |
% |
|||||||
International |
15,251 |
112 |
132 |
130 |
0.73 |
% |
0.89 |
% |
0.94 |
% |
|||||||||||
Total on-balance sheet |
$ |
65,556 |
$ |
671 |
$ |
851 |
$ |
1,020 |
1.02 |
% |
1.02 |
% |
1.14 |
% |
|||||||
(a) Net charge-offs exclude amounts related to residual losses on balloon automotive SmartBuy finance contracts. These amounts totaled $26, $1 and $31 for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004 respectively. |
The following table summarizes pertinent delinquency experience in the consumer automotive retail contract portfolio.
Percent of retail contracts 30 days or more past due(a) |
||||||||||||
Managed |
On-balance sheet |
|||||||||||
2006 |
2005 |
2006 |
2005 |
|||||||||
North America |
2.49 |
% |
2.21 |
% |
2.73 |
% |
2.37 |
% |
||||
International |
2.63 |
% |
2.68 |
% |
2.63 |
% |
2.68 |
% |
||||
Total |
2.54 |
% |
2.33 |
% |
2.70 |
% |
2.46 |
% |
||||
(a) Past due contracts are calculated on the basis of the average number of contracts delinquent during a month and exclude accounts in bankruptcy. |
In addition to the preceding loss and delinquency data, the following table summarizes bankruptcies and repossession information for the United States consumer automotive retail contract portfolio (which represents approximately 53% and 65% of our on-balance sheet consumer automotive retail contract portfolio for the 2006 and 2005 year, respectively):
Managed |
On-balance sheet |
|||||||||||
Year ended December 31, |
2006 |
2005 |
2006 |
2005 |
||||||||
Average retail contracts in bankruptcy (in units)(a) |
88,658 |
102,858 |
87,731 |
98,744 |
||||||||
Bankruptcies as a percent of average number of contracts outstanding |
2.62 |
% |
2.27 |
% |
2.78 |
% |
2.35 |
% |
||||
Retail contract repossessions (in units) |
89,345 |
101,546 |
87,900 |
98,838 |
||||||||
Repossessions as a percent of average number of contracts outstanding |
2.64 |
% |
2.24 |
% |
2.78 |
% |
2.35 |
% |
||||
(a) Average retail contracts in bankruptcy are calculated using the yearly average of the month end bankruptcies. |
Servicing
Servicing activities consist largely of collecting and processing customer payments, responding to customer inquiries such as requests for payoff quotes, processing customer requests for account revisions such as payment extensions and refinancings, maintaining a perfected security interest in the financed vehicle, monitoring vehicle insurance coverage, and disposing of off-lease vehicles.
Our customers have the option to remit payments based on monthly billing statements, coupon books or electronic funds transfers. Customer payments are processed by regional third-party processing centers that electronically transfer payment data to customers’ accounts.
Servicing activities also include initiating contact with customers who fail to comply with the terms of the retail contract or lease. Such contacts typically begin with a reminder notice when the account is seven to 15 days past due. Telephone contact typically begins when the account is 10 to 20 days past due. Accounts that become 45 to 48 days past due are transferred to special collection centers that track accounts more closely. The nature and timing of these activities depend on the repayment risk that the account poses.
During the collection process, we may offer a payment extension to a customer experiencing temporary financial difficulty. A payment extension enables the customer to delay monthly payments for 30, 60 or 90 days, thereby deferring the maturity date of the contract by such period of delay. Extensions granted to a customer typically do not exceed 90 days in the aggregate over any 12-month period or 180 days in aggregate over the life of the contract. If the customer’s financial difficulty is not temporary, and management believes the customer could continue to make payments at a lower payment amount, we may offer to rewrite the remaining obligation, extending the term and lowering the monthly payment obligation. Extensions and rewrites are techniques that help mitigate financial loss in those cases where management believes the customer will recover from financial difficulty and resume regularly scheduled payments, or can fulfill the obligation with lower payments over a longer time period. Before offering an extension or rewrite, collection personnel evaluate and take into account the capacity of the customer to meet the revised payment terms. While the granting of an extension could delay the eventual charge-off of an account, typically we are able to repossess and sell the related collateral, thereby mitigating the loss. As an indication of the effectiveness of our consumer credit practices, of the total amount outstanding in the United States traditional retail portfolio as of December 31, 2003, only 6.3% of the extended or rewritten accounts were subsequently charged off, through December 31, 2006. A three-year period was utilized for this analysis as this approximates the weighted average remaining term of the portfolio. As of December 31, 2006, 5.5% of the total amount outstanding in the portfolio had been granted an extension or rewritten.
Subject to legal considerations, we will normally begin repossession activity once an account becomes 60 days past due. Repossession may occur earlier if management determines the customer is unwilling to pay, the vehicle is in danger of being damaged or hidden, or the customer voluntarily surrenders the vehicle. Approved third-party repossession firms handle repossessions. Normally, the customer is given a period of time to redeem the vehicle by paying off the account or bringing the account current. If the vehicle is not redeemed, it is sold at auction. If the proceeds do not cover the unpaid balance, including unpaid finance charges and allowable expenses, the resulting deficiency is charged off. Asset recovery centers pursue collections on accounts that have been charged off, including those accounts where the vehicle was repossessed and skip accounts where the vehicle cannot be located.
We have historically serviced retail contracts and leases in our managed portfolio. We will continue selling retail contracts (on a “whole loan” basis) that we purchase. With respect to retail and lease contracts we sell, we retain the right to service such retail contracts and leases and earn a servicing fee for such servicing functions. Semperian LLC, a subsidiary, performs most servicing activities for U.S. retail contracts and consumer automotive leases on our behalf. Semperian’s servicing activities are performed in accordance with our policies and procedures.
As of December 31, 2006 and 2005, our total consumer automotive serviced portfolio was $123.0 billion and $124.1 billion, respectively, while our consumer automotive managed portfolio was $91.9 billion and $108.4 billion in 2006 and 2005, respectively.
Allowance for Credit Losses
Our allowance for credit losses is intended to cover management’s estimate of incurred losses in the portfolio. Refer to the Critical Accounting Estimates section of this MD&A and Note 1 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.
The following table summarizes activity related to the consumer allowance for credit losses for our automotive finance operations.
Year ended December 31, ($ in millions) |
2006 |
2005 |
||||
Allowance at beginning of year |
$ |
1,618 |
$ |
2,035 |
||
Provision for credit losses |
520 |
443 |
||||
Charge-offs |
||||||
Domestic |
(724 |
) |
(839 |
) |
||
Foreign |
(171 |
) |
(192 |
) |
||
Total charge-offs |
(895 |
) |
(1,031 |
) |
||
Recoveries |
||||||
Domestic |
151 |
131 |
||||
Foreign |
47 |
48 |
||||
Total recoveries |
198 |
179 |
||||
Net charge-offs |
(697 |
) |
(852 |
) |
||
Impacts of foreign currency translation |
16 |
(12 |
) |
|||
Securitization activity |
3 |
4 |
||||
Allowance at end of year |
$ |
1,460 |
$ |
1,618 |
||
Allowance coverage(a) |
2.39 |
% |
2.26 |
% |
||
(a) Represents the related allowance for credit losses as a percentage of total on-balance sheet consumer automotive retail contracts. |
The overall credit performance of the consumer portfolio deteriorated from the prior year consistent with the decline in the level of overall managed and on-balance sheet receivables as we continued to execute more whole loan sales. Similar to securitizations, the process of creating a pool of retail automotive finance receivables for whole loan sales typically involves excluding retail contracts that are greater than 30 days delinquent at such time and selecting from a pool of receivables currently outstanding, which therefore, represent seasoned contracts. A seasoned portfolio that excludes delinquent contracts historically results in better credit performance, and as a result, the increase in whole loan activity over the past year has impacted the charge-offs as a percentage of the managed and on-balance sheet portfolio, when compared to the comparable period in the prior year. In addition to the impact of whole loan activity, delinquencies in the North American operations managed and on-balance sheet portfolio were negatively impacted by an aging of the overall portfolio as consumer serviced assets continued to decrease, as compared to prior year levels. International consumer credit portfolio performance remained strong as both delinquencies and charge-offs declined as compared to prior year levels.
Credit fundamentals in our consumer automotive portfolio deteriorated in 2006 relative to 2005 experience. Delinquencies, repossessions and loss severity all increased as compared to 2005. The increase in loss severity is illustrated by an increase in the average loss incurred per new vehicle repossessed in the United States traditional portfolio, which increased from $7,825 in 2005 to $8,129 in 2006. The increase in loss severity is attributable to a weakening in the used vehicle market resulting from a lower demand for used vehicles, as a result of new vehicle incentive programs, and higher fuel costs. The increase in delinquency trends in the North American portfolio is the result of lower on-balance sheet prime retail asset levels, primarily as a result of an increase in whole loan sales, the shrinking and aging of the portfolio and a weaker U.S. economy as compared to recent years. Conversely, delinquency trends in the International portfolio showed an improvement in 2006, as a result of a change in the mix of new and used retail contracts in the portfolio, as well as a significant improvement in the credit performance in certain international countries.
Despite the increase in delinquencies and loss severity, consumer credit loss rates in North America remained relatively stable in 2006 as compared to 2005. The decrease in the number of bankruptcies in the U.S. portfolio in 2006 was due to the change in bankruptcy law, effective October 17, 2005, which subsequently made it more difficult for some U.S. consumers to qualify for certain protections previously afforded to bankruptcy debtors. New bankruptcy filings in our U.S. portfolio increased dramatically in October 2005, prior to the change in law and decreased in 2006.
The allowance for credit losses as a percentage of the total on-balance sheet consumer portfolio remained stable in comparison to December 2005 as the consumer allowance year over year decreased along with automotive retail asset levels.
Our consumer automotive leases are operating leases and, therefore, exhibit different loss performance as compared to consumer automotive retail contracts. Credit losses on the operating lease portfolio are not as significant as losses on retail contracts because lease losses are limited to past due payments, late charges, and fees for excess mileage and excessive wear and tear. Since some of these fees are not assessed until the vehicle is returned, credit losses on the lease portfolio are correlated with lease termination volume. As further described in the Critical Accounting Estimates section of this MD&A, credit risk is considered within the overall depreciation rate and the resulting net carrying value of the operating lease asset. North American operating lease accounts past due over 30 days represented 1.51% and 1.33% of the total portfolio at December 31, 2006 and 2005, respectively.
Remarketing and Sales of Leased Vehicles
When we acquire a consumer lease, we assume ownership of the vehicle from the dealer. Neither the consumer nor the dealer is responsible for the value of the vehicle at the time of lease termination. Typically, the vehicle is returned to us for remarketing through an auction. We generally bear the risk of loss to the extent the value of a leased vehicle upon remarketing is below the projected residual value determined at the time the lease contract is signed. However, GM shares this risk with us in certain circumstances, as described previously at GM Marketing Incentives.
When vehicles are not purchased by customers or the receiving dealer at lease termination, we regain possession of the leased vehicles from the customers and sell the vehicles, primarily through physical and internet auctions. The following table summarizes our methods of vehicle sales in the United States at lease termination, stated as a percentage of total lease vehicle disposals.
Year ended December 31, |
2006 |
2005 |
2004 |
||||||
Auction |
|||||||||
Physical |
44 |
% |
42 |
% |
43 |
% |
|||
Internet |
38 |
% |
39 |
% |
39 |
% |
|||
Sale to dealer |
12 |
% |
12 |
% |
12 |
% |
|||
Other (including option exercised by lessee) |
6 |
% |
7 |
% |
6 |
% |
We primarily sell our off-lease vehicles through:
- Physical auctions – We dispose of approximately half of our off-lease vehicles not purchased at termination by the lease consumer or dealer through traditional official GM-sponsored auctions. We are responsible for handling decisions at the auction, including arranging for inspections, authorizing repairs and reconditioning, and determining whether bids received at auction should be accepted.
- Internet auctions – We offer off-lease vehicles to GM dealers and affiliates through a proprietary internet site (SmartAuction). This internet sales program was established in 2000 to increase the net sales proceeds from off-lease vehicles by reducing the time between vehicle return and ultimate disposition, which in turn would reduce holding costs and broaden the number of prospective buyers, thereby maximizing proceeds. We maintain the internet auction site, set the pricing floors on vehicles and administer the auction process. We earn a service fee for every sale. Remarketing fee revenue, primarily generated through SmartAuction, was $76.0 million, $63.5 million and $57.6 million for 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively.
Lease Residual Risk Management
We are exposed to residual risk on vehicles in the consumer lease portfolio. This lease residual risk represents the possibility that the actual proceeds realized upon the sale of returned vehicles will be lower than the projection of these values used in establishing the pricing at lease inception. The following factors most significantly influence lease residual risk:
- Used vehicle market – We are at risk due to changes in used vehicle prices. General economic conditions, off-lease vehicle supply and new vehicle market prices (of both GM and other manufacturers) most heavily influence used vehicle prices.
- Residual value projections – As previously discussed, we establish residual values at lease inception by consulting independently published guides and periodically review these residual values during the lease term. These values are projections of expected values in the future (typically between two and four years) based on current assumptions for the respective make and model. Actual realized values often differ.
- Remarketing abilities – Our ability to efficiently process and effectively market off-lease vehicles impacts the disposal costs and the proceeds realized from vehicle sales.
- GM vehicle and marketing programs – GM influences lease residual results in the following ways:
- – GM provides support to us for certain residual deficiencies.
- – The brand image and consumer preference of GM products impact residual risk, as our lease portfolio consists primarily of GM vehicles.
- – GM marketing programs may influence the used vehicle market for GM vehicles, through programs such as incentives on new vehicles, programs designed to encourage lessees to terminate their leases early in conjunction with the acquisition of a new GM vehicle (referred to as pull ahead programs) and special rate used vehicle programs.
The following table summarizes the volume of lease terminations and the average sales proceeds on 24, 36 and 48-month scheduled lease terminations in the United States serviced lease portfolio for the years indicated. The 36 month terminations represented approximately 51%, 69%, and 73% of our total terminations in 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively.
Year ended December 31, |
2006 |
2005 |
2004 |
||||||
Off-lease vehicles remarketed (in units) |
272,094 |
283,480 |
413,621 |
||||||
Sales proceeds on scheduled lease terminations ($ per unit) |
|||||||||
24-month |
$16,236 |
$16,755 |
$16,345 |
||||||
36-month |
13,848 |
13,949 |
13,277 |
||||||
48-month |
12,284 |
12,209 |
11,354 |
||||||
Our off-lease vehicle remarketing results remained relatively stable in 2006, as compared to the past few years, despite a weaker used vehicle market, primarily as a result of a decline in the volume of vehicles coming off-lease and the fact that the underlying contractual residual values (on the current portfolio) were lower than the residuals established on prior years’ volume. Additionally, we have continued aggressive use of the internet in disposing of off-lease vehicles. This initiative has improved efficiency, reduced costs and ultimately increased the net proceeds on the sale of off-lease vehicles. In 2007 continued improvement in remarketing results is expected as the favorable effect of lower contractual residual values continues.
In recent years, the percentage of lease contracts terminated prior to the scheduled maturity date has increased primarily due to GM-sponsored pull ahead programs. Under these marketing programs, consumers are encouraged to terminate leases early in conjunction with the acquisition of a new GM vehicle. The sales proceeds per vehicle on scheduled lease terminations in the preceding table do not include the effect of payments related to the pull ahead programs.
Commercial Automotive Financing
Automotive Wholesale Dealer Financing
One of the most important aspects of our automotive financing operations is supporting the sale of GM vehicles through wholesale or floor plan financing, primarily through automotive finance purchases by dealers of new and used vehicles manufactured or distributed by GM and, less often, other vehicle manufacturers, prior to sale or lease to the retail customer. Wholesale automotive financing represents the largest portion of our commercial financing business and is the primary source of funding for GM dealers’ purchases of new and used vehicles. In 2006 we financed six million new GM vehicles (representing an 80% share of GM sales to dealers). In addition, we financed approximately 140,000 new non-GM vehicles. The following discussion centers on our operations in the United States, which are generally reflective of our global business practices; however, certain countries have unique statutory or regulatory requirements that impact business practices. The effects of such requirements are not significant to our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
Wholesale credit is arranged through lines of credit extended to individual dealers. In general, each wholesale credit line is secured by all the vehicles financed by us and, in some instances, by other assets owned by the dealer or the operator’s/owner’s personal guarantee. The amount we advance to dealers is equal to 100% of the wholesale invoice price of new vehicles, which includes destination and other miscellaneous charges, and with respect to vehicles manufactured by GM and other motor vehicle manufacturers, a price rebate, known as a holdback, from the manufacturer to the dealer in varying amounts stated as a percentage of the invoice price. Interest on wholesale automotive financing is generally payable monthly. Most wholesale automotive financing is structured to yield interest at a floating rate indexed to the Prime Rate. The rate for a particular dealer is based on, among other things, competitive factors, the amount and status of the dealer’s creditworthiness and various incentive programs.
Under the terms of the credit agreement with the dealer, we may demand payment of interest and principal on wholesale credit lines at any time. However, unless we terminate the credit line or the dealer defaults, we generally require payment of the principal amount financed for a vehicle upon its sale or lease by the dealer to the customer. Ordinarily, a dealer has between one and five days, based on risk and exposure of the account, to satisfy the obligation.
Wholesale automotive financing accounted for $1.3 billion, $1.1 billion and $1.1 billion of our revenues in 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively.
The following table summarizes our wholesale financing of new vehicles and share of GM sales to dealers in markets where we operate.
GMAC volume |
Share of GM retail sales |
|||||||||||||||||
Year ended December 31, (units in thousands) |
2006 |
2005 |
2004 |
2006 |
2005 |
2004 |
||||||||||||
GM vehicles |
||||||||||||||||||
North America |
3,464 |
3,798 |
4,153 |
76 |
% |
80 |
% |
81 |
% |
|||||||||
International |
2,658 |
2,462 |
2,207 |
86 |
% |
84 |
% |
86 |
% |
|||||||||
Total GM vehicles |
6,122 |
6,260 |
6,360 |
80 |
% |
82 |
% |
83 |
% |
|||||||||
Non-GM vehicles |
140 |
180 |
198 |
|||||||||||||||
Total wholesale volume |
6,262 |
6,440 |
6,558 |
|||||||||||||||
Our wholesale automotive financing continues to be the primary funding source for GM dealer inventories. Penetration levels in North America in 2006 continued to reflect traditionally strong levels but declined from 2005 levels. International levels increased in 2006 mainly due to growth in China and improvement in their penetration levels.
Credit Approval
Prior to establishing a wholesale line of credit, we perform a credit analysis of the dealer. During this analysis, we:
- review credit reports, financial statements and may obtain bank references;
- evaluate the dealer’s marketing capabilities;
- evaluate the dealer’s financial condition; and
- assess the dealer’s operations and management.
Based on this analysis, we may approve the issuance of a credit line and determine the appropriate size. The credit lines represent guidelines, not limits. Therefore, the dealers may exceed them on occasion, an example being a dealer exceeding sales targets contemplated in the credit approval process. Generally, the size of the credit line is intended to be an amount sufficient to finance approximately a 90 day supply of new vehicles and a 30-60 day supply of used vehicles. Our credit guidelines ordinarily require that advances to finance used vehicles be approved on a unit by unit basis.
Commercial Credit
Our credit risk on the commercial portfolio is markedly different than that of our consumer portfolio. Whereas the consumer portfolio represents a homogeneous pool of retail contracts and leases that exhibit fairly predictable and stable loss patterns, the commercial portfolio exposures are less predictable. In general, the credit risk of the commercial portfolio is tied to overall economic conditions in the countries in which we operate. Further, our credit exposure is concentrated in automotive dealerships (primarily GM dealerships). Occasionally, GM provides payment guarantees on certain commercial loans and receivables we have outstanding. As of December 31, 2006 and 2005, approximately $169 million and $934 million, respectively, in commercial loans and receivables were covered by a GM guarantee.
Credit risk is managed and guided by policies and procedures established and controlled by Corporate, that are designed to ensure that risks are accurately and consistently assessed, properly approved and continuously monitored. Our wholly owned subsidiaries approve significant transactions and are responsible for credit risk assessments (including the evaluation of the adequacy of the collateral). Our wholly owned subsidiaries also monitor the credit risk profile of individual borrowers and the aggregate portfolio of borrowers – either within a designated geographic region or a particular product or industry segment. Corporate approval is required for transactions exceeding business unit approval limits. Credit risk monitoring is supplemented at the corporate portfolio level through a periodic review performed by our Chief Credit Officer.
To date, the commercial receivables that have been securitized and accounted for as off-balance sheet transactions primarily represent wholesale lines of credit extended to automotive dealerships, which historically have experienced low losses and some dealer term loans. Historically, only wholesale accounts were securitized, resulting in our managed portfolio being substantially the same as our on-balance sheet portfolio. As a result, only the on-balance sheet commercial portfolio credit experience is presented in the following table:
Year ended December 31, ($ in millions) |
Total loans |
Impaired loans(a) |
Average loans |
Annual charge-offs, net of recoveries |
|||||||||||||||||
2006 |
2006 |
2005 |
2006 |
2006 |
2005 |
2004 |
|||||||||||||||
Wholesale |
$ |
20,577 |
$338 |
$299 |
$ |
21,473 |
$ 6 |
$4 |
$2 |
||||||||||||
1.64 |
% |
1.45 |
% |
0.03 |
% |
0.02 |
% |
0.01 |
% |
||||||||||||
Other commercial automotive financing |
3,842 |
52 |
142 |
4,138 |
4 |
1 |
4 |
||||||||||||||
1.35 |
% |
1.36 |
% |
0.10 |
% |
0.02 |
% |
0.03 |
% |
||||||||||||
Total on-balance sheet |
$ |
24,419 |
$390 |
$441 |
$ |
25,611 |
$10 |
$5 |
$6 |
||||||||||||
1.60 |
% |
1.42 |
% |
0.04 |
% |
0.02 |
% |
0.02 |
% |
||||||||||||
(a) Includes loans where it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the terms of the loan. |
Annual charge-offs on the wholesale portfolio remained at traditionally low levels in 2006, while charge-offs declined for the other commercial automotive financing portfolio. Impaired loans in the wholesale commercial loan portfolio increased in comparison to December 2005 levels, as a result of an increase in the amounts outstanding in the wholesale lines of credit for certain dealer accounts. In addition, impaired loans declined in the other commercial automotive financing portfolio since December 2005.
Servicing and Monitoring
We service all of the wholesale credit lines in our portfolio as well as the wholesale automotive finance receivables that we have securitized. A statement setting forth billing and account information is prepared by us and distributed on a monthly basis to each dealer. Interest and other non-principal charges are billed in arrears and are required to be paid immediately upon receipt of the monthly billing statement. Generally, dealers remit payments to GMAC through wire transfer transactions initiated by the dealer through a secure web application.
Dealers are assigned a credit category based on various factors, including capital sufficiency, operating performance, financial outlook, and credit and payment history. The credit category impacts the amount of the line of credit, the determination of further advances and the management of the account. We monitor the level of borrowing under each dealer’s account daily. When a dealer’s balance exceeds the credit line, we may temporarily suspend the granting of additional credit or increase the dealer’s credit line or take other actions, following evaluation and analysis of the dealer’s financial condition and the cause of the excess.
We periodically inspect and verify the existence of dealer vehicle inventories. The timing of the verifications varies and no advance notice is given to the dealer. Among other things, verifications are intended to determine dealer compliance with the financing agreement and confirm the status of our collateral.
Other Commercial Automotive Financing
We also provide other forms of commercial financing for the automotive industry. The following describes our other automotive financing markets and products:
- Automotive dealer term loans – We make loans to dealers to finance other aspects of the dealership business. These loans are typically secured by real estate, other dealership assets and occasionally the personal guarantees of the individual owner of the dealership. Automotive dealer loans comprised 2% of our Automotive Financing operations’ assets as of December 31, 2006, consistent with 2005.
- Automotive fleet financing – Dealers, their affiliates and other companies may obtain financing to buy vehicles, which they lease or rent to others. These transactions represent our fleet financing activities. We generally have a security interest in these vehicles and in the rental payments. However, competitive factors may occasionally limit the security interest in this collateral. Automotive fleet financing comprised less than 1% of our Automotive Financing operations’ assets as of December 31, 2006, consistent with 2005.
- Full service leasing products – We offer full service individual and fleet leasing products in Europe, Mexico, and Australia. In addition to financing the vehicles, we offer maintenance, fleet and accident management services, as well as fuel programs, short-term vehicle rental, and title and licensing services. Full service leasing products comprised 2% and 1% of our Automotive Finance operations’ assets as of December 31, 2006 and 2005, respectively.