Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Note 1. Description of Business and Significant Accounting Policies
GMAC LLC (referred to herein as GMAC, we, our or us) was founded in 1919 as a wholly owned subsidiary of General Motors Corporation (General Motors or GM). On November 30, 2006, GM sold a 51% interest in us for approximately $7.4 billion (the Sale Transactions) to FIM Holdings LLC (FIM Holdings). FIM Holdings is an investment consortium led by Cerberus FIM Investors, LLC, the sole managing member, Citigroup Inc., Aozora Bank Ltd., and a subsidiary of The PNC Financial Services Group, Inc.
Prior to consummation of the Sale Transactions, (i) GMAC distributed to GM certain assets with respect to automotive leases owned by GMAC and its affiliates, such assets having a net book value of approximately $4.0 billion and related deferred tax liabilities of $1.8 billion, (ii) GM assumed or retained certain of GMAC’s post-employment welfare benefits, (iii) GMAC transferred to GM certain entities that hold a fee interest in certain real properties, (iv) GMAC made distributions to GM for a portion of GMAC’s net income from September 30, 2005, to the date of consummation of the Sale Transactions, (v) GM and its subsidiaries repaid certain indebtedness owing to GMAC such that the specified unsecured obligations owing to GMAC and its subsidiaries from GM and its U.S. subsidiaries are no greater than $1.5 billion and (vi) GMAC made a one-time distribution to GM of approximately $2.7 billion of cash primarily to reflect the increase in GMAC’s equity resulting from the elimination of a portion of its net deferred tax liabilities arising from the conversion of GMAC and certain of its subsidiaries to limited liability form.
Restatement of Previously Issued Consolidated Financial Statements
As discussed in Note 24 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, we are restating our historical Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2005 and Consolidated Statements of Income, Changes in Equity and Cash Flows for the two years then ended. This restatement relates to the accounting treatment for certain hedging transactions under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 133, Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities, as amended and interpreted (SFAS 133). We are also correcting certain other out-of-period errors, which were deemed immaterial, individually and in the aggregate, in the years in which they were originally recorded and identified. These items relate to transactions involving certain transfers of financial assets, valuations of certain financial instruments, amortization of unearned income on certain products, income taxes and other inconsequential items. Because of this derivative restatement, we are correcting these amounts to record them in the proper period.
The following table sets forth a reconciliation of previously reported and restated net income for the annual periods shown. The restatement increased January 1, 2004 retained earnings to $14,114 million from $14,078 million. The increase of $36 million was comprised of a $55 million increase related to the elimination of hedge accounting related to certain debt instruments and a decrease of $16 related to other immaterial items.
Net income for the year ended December 31, |
||||||
($ in millions) |
2005 |
2004 |
||||
Previously reported net income |
$ |
2,394 |
$ |
2,913 |
||
Elimination of hedge accounting related to certain debt instruments |
(256 |
) |
(143 |
) |
||
Other, net |
136 |
52 |
||||
Total pre-tax adjustments |
(120 |
) |
(91 |
) |
||
Related income tax effects |
8 |
72 |
||||
Restated net income |
$ |
2,282 |
$ |
2,894 |
||
% change |
(4.7 |
) |
(0.7 |
) |
||
Consolidation and Basis of Presentation
The consolidated financial statements include our accounts and accounts of our majority-owned subsidiaries after eliminating all significant intercompany balances and transactions, and includes all variable interest entities in which we are the primary beneficiary. Refer to Note 21 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for further details on our variable interest entities. Our accounting and reporting policies conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). Certain amounts in prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period’s presentation.
We operate our international subsidiaries in a similar manner as in the United States of America (U.S. or United States), subject to local laws or other circumstances that may cause us to modify our procedures accordingly. The financial statements of subsidiaries which operate outside of the U.S. generally are measured using the local currency as the functional currency. All assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at year-end exchange rates. Income and expense items are translated at average exchange rates prevailing during the reporting period. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded as accumulated other comprehensive income, a component of equity.
Use of Estimates and Assumptions
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and income and expenses during the reporting period. In developing the estimates and assumptions, management uses all available evidence. However, because of uncertainties associated with estimating the amounts, timing, and likelihood of possible outcomes, actual results could differ from estimates.
Cash Equivalents
Cash equivalents are generally defined as short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of 90 days or less and include investments. The balance of cash equivalents was $13.4 billion and $13.8 billion at December 31, 2006 and 2005, respectively. The book value of cash equivalents approximates fair value because of the short maturities of these instruments. Certain securities with original maturities less than 90 days that are held as a portion of longer term investment portfolios, primarily relating to GMAC Insurance Holdings, Inc., are classified as investment securities.
Investment Securities
Our portfolio of investment securities includes bonds, equity securities, asset- and mortgage-backed securities, notes, interests in securitization trusts and other investments. Investment securities are classified based on management’s intent. Our trading securities primarily consist of retained and purchased interests in certain securitizations. The retained interests are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in current period earnings. Debt securities which management has the intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held to maturity and reported at amortized cost as of the trade date. Premiums and discounts on debt securities are amortized as an adjustment to yield over the contractual term of the security. All other investment securities are classified as available for sale and carried at fair value as of the trade date, with unrealized gains and losses (excluding other than temporary impairments) included in accumulated other comprehensive income, a component of equity, on an after-tax basis. Investments classified as available for sale or held to maturity are considered to be impaired when a decline in fair value is judged to be other than temporary. We employ a systematic methodology that considers available evidence in evaluating potential impairment of our investments. In the event that the cost of an investment exceeds its fair value, we evaluate, among other factors, the magnitude and duration of the decline in fair value. For equity and debt securities, we also evaluate the financial health of and business outlook for the issuer, the performance of the underlying assets for interests in securitized assets and our intent and ability to hold the investment. Once a decline in fair value is determined to be other than temporary, a new cost basis in the investment is established. Realized gains and losses on investment securities are reported in investment income and are determined using the specific identification method.
In the normal course of business, we enter into securities lending agreements with various other counterparties. Under these agreements, we lend the rights to designated securities we own in exchange for collateral in the form of cash or governmental securities, approximating 102% (domestic) or 105% (foreign) of the value of the securities loaned. These agreements are primarily overnight in nature and settle the next business day. At December 31, 2006, we had loaned securities of $439 million and had received corresponding cash collateral of $445 million for such loans. We had no such securities on loan at December 31, 2005.
Loans Held for Sale
Loans held for sale may include automotive, commercial finance and residential receivables and loans and are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or estimated fair value, or, if such loans are part of hedge accounting relationships pursuant to SFAS 133, they are reported at fair value. Fair value is based on contractually established commitments from investors or is based on current investor yield requirements. Revenue recognition on consumer automotive finance receivables is suspended when finance receivables and loans are placed on nonaccrual status. Retail automotive receivables held for sale are placed on nonaccrual status when contractually delinquent for 120 days.
Assets Held for Sale
On August 3, 2005, we announced that we had entered into a definitive agreement to sell a majority equity interest in Capmark. As a result of this previous definitive agreement, the assets and liabilities of Capmark were classified as held for sale separately in our Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2005. On March 23, 2006, we completed the sale of approximately 79% of our equity in Capmark.
Finance Receivables and Loans
Finance receivables and loans are reported at the principal amount outstanding, net of unearned income. Unearned income, which includes deferred origination fees reduced by origination costs and unearned rate support received from GM, is amortized over the contractual life of the related finance receivable or loan using the interest method. Loan commitment fees are generally deferred and amortized into commercial revenue over the commitment period.
Acquired Loans
We acquire certain loans individually and in groups or portfolios, which have experienced deterioration of credit quality between origination and our acquisition. The amount paid for these loans reflects our determination that it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the loan’s contractual terms. These acquired loans are accounted for under American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Statement of Position 03-3, Accounting for Certain Loans or Debt Securities Acquired in a Transfer (SOP 03-3). We recognize the accretable yield to the excess of our estimate of undiscounted expected principal, interest and other cash flows (expected at acquisition to be collected) over our initial investment in the acquired asset.
Over the life of the loan or pool, we update the estimated cash flows we expect to collect. At each balance sheet date, we evaluate whether the expected cash flows of these loans has changed. We adjust the amount of accretable yield for any loans or pools where there is an increase in expected cash flows. We record a valuation allowance for any loans or pools for which there is a decrease in expected cash flows. In accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 114, Accounting by Creditors for Impairment of a Loan (SFAS 114), we measure such impairments based upon the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted using the loan’s effective interest rate or, as a practical expedient when reliable information is available, through the fair value of the collateral less expected costs to sell. The present value of any subsequent increase in the loan’s or pool’s actual cash flows or cash flows expected to be collected is used first to reverse any existing valuation allowance for that loan or pool.
Nonaccrual Loans
Consumer and commercial revenue recognition is suspended when finance receivables and loans are placed on nonaccrual status. Prime retail automotive receivables are placed on nonaccrual status when delinquent for 120 days. Nonprime retail automotive receivables are placed on nonaccrual status when delinquent for 60 days. Residential mortgages and commercial real estate loans are placed on nonaccrual status when delinquent for 60 days. Warehouse, construction, and other lending receivables are placed on nonaccrual status when delinquent for 90 days. Revenue accrued but not collected at the date finance receivables and loans are placed on nonaccrual status is reversed and subsequently recognized only to the extent it is received in cash. Finance receivables and loans are restored to accrual status only when contractually current and the collection of future payments is reasonably assured.
Impaired Loans
Commercial loans are considered impaired when it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the terms of the loan agreement and the recorded investment in the loan exceeds the fair value of the underlying collateral. We recognize income on impaired loans as discussed previously for nonaccrual loans. If the recorded investment in impaired loans exceeds the fair value, a valuation allowance is established as a component of the allowance for credit losses. In addition to commercial loans specifically identified for impairment, we have pools of loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment, as discussed within the allowance for credit losses accounting policy.
Allowance for Credit Losses
The allowance for credit losses is management’s estimate of incurred losses in the lending portfolios. Portions of the allowance for credit losses are specified to cover the estimated losses on commercial loans specifically identified for impairment. The unspecified portion of the allowance for credit losses covers estimated losses on the homogeneous portfolios of finance receivables and loans collectively evaluated for impairment. Amounts determined to be uncollectible are charged against the allowance for credit losses. Additionally, losses arising from the sale of repossessed assets collateralizing automotive finance receivables and loans are charged to the allowance for credit losses. Recoveries of previously charged-off amounts are credited at time of collection.
We perform periodic and systematic detailed reviews of our lending portfolios to identify inherent risks and to assess the overall collectibility of those portfolios. The allowance relates to portfolios collectively reviewed for impairment, generally consumer finance receivables and loans, and is based on aggregated portfolio evaluations by product type. Loss models are utilized for these portfolios which consider a variety of factors including, but not limited to, historical loss experience, current economic conditions, anticipated repossessions or foreclosures based on portfolio trends, delinquencies and credit scores, and expected loss factors by receivable and loan type. Loans in the commercial portfolios are generally reviewed on an individual loan basis and, if necessary, an allowance is established for individual loan impairment. Loans subject to individual reviews are analyzed based on factors including, but not limited to, historical loss experience, current economic conditions, collateral performance, performance trends within specific geographic and portfolio segments, and any other pertinent information, which result in the estimation of specific allowances for credit losses. The allowance related to specifically identified impaired loans is established based on discounted expected cash flows, observable market prices, or for loans that are solely dependent on the collateral for repayment, the fair value of the collateral. The evaluation of these factors for both consumer and commercial finance receivables and loans involves complex, subjective judgments.
Securitizations and Other Off-balance Sheet Transactions
We securitize, sell and service retail finance receivables, operating leases, wholesale loans, securities, and residential loans. Interests in the securitized and sold loans are generally retained in the form of interest-only strips, senior or subordinated interests, cash reserve accounts and servicing rights. Our retained interests are generally subordinate to investors’ interests. The investors and the securitization trusts generally have no recourse to our other assets for failure of debtors to pay when due.
We retain servicing responsibilities for all of our retail finance receivable, operating lease, and wholesale loan securitizations and for the majority of our residential loan securitizations. We may receive servicing fees based on the securitized loan balances and certain ancillary fees, all of which are recorded in servicing fees income. We also retain the right to service the residential loans sold as a result of mortgage-backed security transactions with Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae, and Freddie Mac. We also serve as the collateral manager in the securitizations of commercial investment securities.
Gains or losses on securitizations and sales depend on the previous carrying amount of the assets involved in the transfer and are allocated between the assets sold and the retained interests based on relative fair values, except for certain servicing assets or liabilities which are initially recorded at fair value, at the date of sale. Since quoted market prices are generally not available, we estimate the fair value of retained interests by determining the present value of future expected cash flows using modeling techniques that incorporate management’s best estimates of key variables, including credit losses, prepayment speeds, weighted average life and discount rates commensurate with the risks involved and, if applicable, interest or finance rates on variable and adjustable rate contracts. Credit loss assumptions are based upon historical experience, market information for similar investments, and the characteristics of individual receivables and loans underlying the securities. Prepayment speed estimates are determined utilizing data obtained from market participants, where available, or based on historical prepayment rates on similar assets. Discount rate assumptions are determined using data obtained from market participants, where available, or based on current relevant treasury rates plus a risk adjusted spread based on analysis of historical spreads on similar types of securities. Estimates of interest rates on variable and adjustable contracts are based on spreads over the applicable benchmark interest rate using market-based yield curves. Gains on securitizations and sales are reported in gain on sale of mortgage and automotive loans for retail finance receivables, wholesale loans and residential loans. Retained interests are recorded at fair value with any declines in fair value below the carrying amount reflected in other comprehensive income, a component of equity, or in earnings, if declines are determined to be other than temporary or if the interests are classified as trading. Retained interest-only strips and senior and subordinated interests are generally included in available for sale investment securities, or in trading investment securities, depending on management’s intent at the time of securitization. Retained cash reserve accounts are included in other assets.
Investment in Operating Leases
Investment in operating leases is reported at cost, less accumulated depreciation and net of origination fees or costs. Income from operating lease assets, which includes lease origination fees net of lease origination costs, is recognized as operating lease revenue on a straight-line basis over the scheduled lease term. Depreciation of vehicles is generally provided on a straight-line basis to an estimated residual value over a period of time, consistent with the term of the underlying operating lease agreement. We evaluate our depreciation policy for leased vehicles on a regular basis.
We have significant investments in the residual values of assets in our operating lease portfolio. The residual values represent an estimate of the values of the assets at the end of the lease contracts and are initially recorded based on residual values established at contract inception by consulting independently published residual value guides. Realization of the residual values is dependent on our future ability to market the vehicles under the prevailing market conditions. Over the life of the lease, we evaluate the adequacy of our estimate of the residual value and may make adjustments to the depreciation rates to the extent the expected value of the vehicle (including any residual support payments from GM) at lease termination changes. In addition to estimating the residual value at lease termination, we also evaluate the current value of the operating lease asset and test for impairment to the extent necessary based on market considerations and portfolio characteristics. Other than temporary impairment is determined to exist if the undiscounted expected future cash flows are lower than the carrying value of the asset. When a lease vehicle is returned to us, the asset is reclassified from investment in operating leases to other assets at the lower of cost or estimated fair value, less costs to sell.
Mortgage Servicing Rights
Primary servicing involves the collection of payments from individual borrowers and the distribution of these payments to the investors. Master servicing rights represent our right to service mortgage and asset-backed securities and whole loan packages issued for investors. Master servicing involves the collection of borrower payments from primary servicers and the distribution of those funds to investors in mortgage and asset-backed securities and whole loan packages.
We capitalize the value expected to be realized from performing specified mortgage servicing activities for others as mortgage servicing rights (MSRs). Such capitalized servicing rights are purchased or retained upon sale or securitization of mortgages. Prior to January 1, 2006, mortgage servicing rights were recorded on both securitizations that were accounted for as sales, as well as those accounted for as secured financings. Effective January 1, 2006, with the adoption of SFAS 156, mortgage servicing rights are not recorded on securitizations accounted for as secured financings. The total cost of the mortgage loans, which includes the cost to acquire the mortgage servicing rights, is allocated to the mortgage loans, the servicing rights and other retained assets based on their relative fair values. We measure mortgage servicing assets and liabilities at fair value.
We define our classes of servicing rights based on both the availability of market inputs and the manner in which we manage the risks of our servicing assets and liabilities. We manage our servicing rights at the reportable operating segment level where sufficient market inputs exist to determine the fair value of our recognized servicing assets and liabilities.
Since quoted market prices for MSRs are not available, we estimate the fair value of MSRs by determining the present value of future expected cash flows using modeling techniques that incorporate management’s best estimates of key variables, including expected cash flows, credit losses, prepayment speeds and return requirements commensurate with the risks involved. Cash flow assumptions are based on our actual performance, and where possible, the reasonableness of assumptions is periodically validated through comparisons to other market participants. Credit loss assumptions are based upon historical experience and the characteristics of individual loans underlying the MSRs. Prepayment speed estimates are determined from historical prepayment rates on similar assets or obtained from third-party data. Return requirement assumptions are determined using data obtained from market participants, where available, or based on current relevant interest rates plus a risk-adjusted spread. Since many factors can affect the estimate of the fair value of mortgage servicing rights, we regularly evaluate the major assumptions and modeling techniques used in our estimate and review such assumptions against market comparables, if available.
We monitor the actual performance of our MSRs by regularly comparing actual cash flow, credit and prepayment experience to modeled estimates. We periodically invest in trading and available for sale securities and derivative financial instruments to mitigate the effect of changes in fair value from the interest rate risk inherent in the MSRs.
Reinsurance
We assume and cede insurance risk under various reinsurance agreements. We seek to reduce the loss that may arise from catastrophes or other events that cause unfavorable underwriting results by reinsuring certain levels of risk with other insurance enterprises. We remain liable with respect to any reinsurance ceded if the assuming companies are unable to meet their obligations under these reinsurance agreements. We also assume insurance risks from other insurance companies, receiving a premium as consideration for the risk assumption. Amounts recoverable from reinsurers on paid losses and loss adjustment expenses are included in premiums and other insurance receivables. Amounts recoverable from reinsurers on unpaid losses, including incurred but not reported losses and loss adjustment expenses, pursuant to reinsurance contracts are estimated and reported with premiums and other insurance receivables. Amounts paid to reinsurers relating to the unexpired portion of reinsurance contracts are reported as prepaid reinsurance premiums within premiums and other insurance receivables.
Repossessed and Foreclosed Assets
Assets are classified as repossessed and foreclosed and included in other assets when physical possession of the collateral is taken, regardless of whether foreclosure proceedings have taken place. Repossessed and foreclosed assets are carried at the lower of the outstanding balance at the time of repossession or foreclosure, or fair value of the asset less estimated costs to sell. Losses on the revaluation of repossessed and foreclosed assets are charged to the allowance for credit losses at the time of repossession. Subsequent holding period losses and losses arising from the sale of repossessed assets collateralizing automotive finance receivables and loans are expensed as incurred in other operating expenses.
Goodwill and Other Intangibles
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization, are reported in other assets. In accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 142, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (SFAS 142), goodwill represents the excess of the cost of an acquisition over the fair value of net assets acquired. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment utilizing a two step process. The first step of the impairment test requires us to define the reporting units, which for us represents the operating segments as disclosed in Note 22 and compare the fair value of each of these reporting units to the respective carrying value. The fair value of the reporting units is determined based on various analyses, including discounted cash flow projections. If the carrying value is less than the fair value, no impairment exists and the second step does not need to be completed. If the carrying value is higher than the fair value, there is an indication that impairment may exist and a second step must be performed to compute the amount of the impairment. SFAS 142 requires goodwill to be tested for impairment annually at the same time every year, and when an event occurs or circumstances change such that it is reasonably possible that an impairment may exist. We conclude on our annual impairment test in the fourth quarter.
Other intangible assets, which include customer lists, trademarks and other identifiable intangible assets, are amortized on a straight-line basis over an estimated useful life of 3 to 15 years.
Impairment of Long Lived Assets
The carrying value of long-lived assets (including premises and equipment and investment in operating leases as well as certain identifiable intangibles) are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable from the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from its use and eventual disposition. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to future net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value as estimated by discounted cash flows. No material impairment was recognized.
Premises and Equipment
Premises and equipment, stated at cost net of accumulated depreciation and amortization, are reported in other assets. Included in premises and equipment are certain capitalized software costs. The capitalized software is generally amortized on a straight-line basis over its useful life for a period not to exceed three years. Capitalized software that is not expected to provide substantive service potential or for which development costs significantly exceed the amount originally expected is considered impaired and written down to fair value.
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs
Commissions and other costs of acquiring insurance, and compensation paid to producers of extended service contracts that are primarily related to and vary with the production of business are deferred and recorded in other assets. These costs are subsequently amortized over the terms of the related policies and service contracts on the same basis as premiums and revenue are earned, except for direct response advertising costs which are amortized over a three year period, based on the anticipated future benefit.
Unearned Insurance Premiums and Service Revenue
Insurance premiums, net of premiums ceded to reinsurers, and service revenue are earned over the terms of the policies. The portion of premiums and service revenue written applicable to the unexpired terms of the policies is recorded as unearned insurance premiums or unearned service revenue. For short duration contracts, premiums and unearned service revenue are earned on a pro rata basis. For extended service and maintenance contracts, premiums and service revenues are earned on a basis proportionate to the anticipated loss emergence.
Reserves for Insurance Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Reserves for insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses are established for the unpaid cost of insured events that have occurred as of a point in time. More specifically, the reserves for insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses represent the accumulation of estimates for reported losses and a provision for losses incurred but not reported, including claims adjustment expenses, relating to direct insurance and assumed reinsurance agreements. Estimates for salvage and subrogation recoverable are recognized at the time losses are incurred and netted against insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses. Reserves are established for each business at the lowest meaningful level of homogeneous data based on actuarial analysis and volatility considerations. Since the reserves are based on estimates, the ultimate liability may be more or less than such reserves. Adjustments in such estimated reserves are included in the period in which the adjustments are considered necessary. Such adjustments may occur in future periods and could have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
In accordance with SFAS 133, all derivative financial instruments, whether designated for hedging relationships or not, are required to be recorded on the balance sheet as assets or liabilities, carried at fair value and periodically adjusted. At inception of a hedging relationship, we designate each qualifying derivative financial instrument as a hedge of the fair value of a specifically identified asset or liability (fair value hedge) or as a hedge of the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability (cash flow hedge). We also use derivative financial instruments which, although acquired for risk management purposes, do not qualify as hedges under GAAP. Changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments that are designated and qualify as fair value hedges, along with the gain or loss on the hedged asset or liability attributable to the hedged risk, are recorded in current period earnings. For qualifying cash flow hedges, the effective portion of the change in the fair value of the derivative financial instruments is recorded in other comprehensive income, a component of equity, and recognized in the income statement when the hedged cash flows affect earnings. Changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments held for risk management purposes that do not meet the criteria to qualify as hedges under GAAP are reported in current period earnings. The ineffective portions of fair value and cash flow hedges are immediately recognized in earnings. The hedge accounting treatment described herein is no longer applied if a derivative financial instrument is terminated or the hedge designation is removed. For these terminated fair value hedges, any changes to the hedged asset or liability remain as part of the basis of the asset or liability and are recognized into income over the remaining life of the asset or liability. For terminated cash flow hedges, unless it is probable that the forecasted cash flows will not occur within a specified time frame, any changes in fair value of the derivative financial instrument remain in other comprehensive income, a component of equity, and are reclassified into earnings in the same period during which the cash flows affect earnings.
Loan Commitments
We enter into commitments to make loans whereby the interest rate on the loan is set prior to funding (i.e., interest rate lock commitments). Interest rate lock commitments for loans to be originated or purchased for sale, and for loans to be purchased and held for investment (including commitments to acquire senior interests in mortgage loan pools from off-balance sheet facilities), are derivative financial instruments carried at fair value in accordance with SFAS 133 and Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 105, Application of Accounting Principles to Loan Commitments (SAB 105). SAB 105 provides specific guidance on the measurement of loan commitments, specifying that fair value measurement exclude any expected future cash flows related to the customer relationship or loan servicing. Servicing assets are recognized once they are contractually separated from the underlying loan by sale or securitization.
Income Taxes
Prior to November 30, 2006, we filed a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return with GM. The portion of the consolidated tax recorded by us and our subsidiaries included in the consolidated tax return generally is equivalent to the liability that we would have incurred on a separate return basis and is settled as GM’s tax payments are due.
During 2006, we and a number of our U.S. subsidiaries converted to limited liability companies (LLCs) and effective November 28, 2006, became disregarded or pass-through entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Income taxes incurred by these converting entities have been provided through November 30, 2006 as required under the tax sharing agreement between GM and GMAC. Subsequent to November 30, 2006, income taxes have not been provided for these entities as they have ceased to be taxable entities. Taxation for these entities is generally levied at each member’s level for their allocable share of taxable income. Where entity level tax applies, it has been provided for in the consolidated financial statements. Any related deferred taxes have been eliminated with respect to entities that have ceased to be taxable enterprises.
Our banking, insurance and foreign subsidiaries are generally corporations and continue to be subject to and provide for U.S. federal, state, and foreign income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are established for future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the financial statements or tax returns, based upon enacted tax laws and rates. Deferred tax assets are recognized subject to management’s judgment that realization is more likely than not. We also establish reserves related to disputed items with various tax authorities when an unfavorable judgment against us becomes probable and the costs can be reasonably estimated.
Preferred Membership Interest
We issued 2,110,000 Preferred Membership Interests (Preferred Interests) each with a face value of $1,000 in November 2006. GM and FIM Holdings purchased 1,555,000 and 555,000 Preferred Interests, respectively, at a 10% discount, for total cash proceeds of $1.9 billion. Preferred Interests are non-voting, can not be converted into any additional membership interest in us, and have a 3% redemption premium if redeemed within the first five years after issuance. In accordance with Emerging Issues Task Force Topic No. D-98, Classification and Measurement of Redeemable Securities, the Preferred Interests have been recorded as mezzanine equity at their redemption value, as they are redeemable at the option of the holder, and are revalued to redemption value at each balance sheet date. The accretion to redemption value and dividends on the Preferred Interests were recorded as an adjustment to retained earnings.
Membership Interest
We currently have three additional classes of Membership Interests, consisting of 51,000 Class A Membership Interests, 49,000 Class B Membership Interests and 5,820 Class C Membership Interests. All Class A and Class B Membership Interests are issued and outstanding at December 31, 2006, and have equal rights and preferences in the assets of GMAC. FIM Holdings owns all 51,000 Class A Interests (a 51% ownership interest in us) and GM, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, owns all 49,000 Class B Interests (a 49% ownership interest in us). There were 3,703 Class C Membership Interests authorized, at December 31, 2006, which are considered “profit interests” and not “capital interests” as defined in Revenue Procedure 93-27, 1993-2 C.B. 343. These Class C Membership Interests may be issued from time to time pursuant to the GMAC Management LLC Class C Membership Interest Plan. Each outstanding class of membership interest is classified as equity in our consolidated financial statements. Any additional membership interests must be approved by the Board of Managers (Board). There is no established trading market for our Common Equity interests, Preferred Membership Interest or Class C Membership Interests. At December 31, 2006, there were no Class C Membership Interests granted.
Membership Interest Distributions
We are required to make certain distributions to holders of the Preferred Interests (preferred holders). Distributions will be made in cash on a pro rata basis within ten business days of delivering the GMAC financial statements to the members. Distributions are issued in units of $1,000 and will accrue yield during each fiscal quarter at a rate of 10% per annum. Our Board may reduce any distribution to the extent required to avoid a reduction of the equity capital of GMAC below a minimum amount of equity capital equal to the net book value of GMAC as of November 30, 2006 (determined in accordance with GAAP).
In addition, our Board may suspend the payment distributions with respect to any one or more fiscal quarters with majority members’ consent. If distributions are not made with respect to any fiscal quarter, the distributions will be non-cumulative and will be reduced to zero. If the accrued yield of GMAC’s preferred interests for any fiscal quarter is fully paid to the preferred members, then the excess of the net financial book income of GMAC in any fiscal quarter over the amount of yield distributed to the holders of our preferred equity interests in such fiscal quarter, will be distributed to the holders of our common membership interests (Class A and Class B Membership Interests) as follows: at least 40% of the excess will be paid for fiscal quarters ending prior to December 31, 2008 and at least 70% of the excess will be paid for fiscal quarters ending after December 31, 2008. In this event, distribution priorities are to common membership interest holders first, up to the agreed upon amounts, and then ratably to Class A, Class B and Class C Membership Interest holders based on the total interest of each such holder.
In the event of sale or dissolution of GMAC, cash proceeds available for distribution to the members shall be distributed first to the Preferred Interest holders ratably for the amount of preferred accrued dividends. Thereafter, distributions shall be made to the Preferred Interest holders ratably for the amount of aggregate unreturned preferred capital amounts, until the unreturned preferred capital amounts are fully paid. Following these dividends to preferred holders, distributions shall be made to the holder of our common equity interest ratably until such holders have received a return of their agreed initial value. Finally, remaining distributions shall be made to Class A, Class B and Class C Membership Interest holders based on the total interest of each such holder.
Share-based Incentive Plans
During the 2006 year, the Compensation Committee of the Board approved two share-based compensation plans for senior and executive-level employees – a Long-term Phantom Incentive Plan (LTIP) and a Management Profits Interest Plan (MPI). The LTIP provides for a cash bonus paid after a three-year performance period based on our performance. The MPI provides for an equity interest in a management company that holds our Class C Membership Interests. There were no grants under either plan in 2006.
Change in Accounting Principle
On January 1, 2006, we adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 156, Accounting for Servicing of Financial Assets (SFAS 156) that: (1) provides revised guidance on when a servicing asset and servicing liability should be recognized; (2) requires all separately recognized servicing assets and liabilities to be initially measured at fair value, if practicable; (3) permits an entity to elect to measure servicing assets and liabilities at fair value each reporting date and report changes in fair value in earnings in the period in which the changes occur; (4) upon initial adoption, permits a one time reclassification of available-for-sale securities to trading securities for securities, which are identified as offsetting an entity’s exposure to changes in the fair value of servicing assets or liabilities that a servicer elects to subsequently measure at fair value and (5) requires separate presentation of servicing assets and liabilities subsequently measured at fair value in the balance sheet and additional disclosures. We elected to subsequently measure the majority of servicing assets and liabilities at fair value and report changes in fair value in earnings in the period in which the changes occur. In addition, we made a one-time reclassification of $927 million of available for sale securities to trading securities for those securities identified as offsetting our exposure to changes in the fair value of servicing assets or liabilities. The adoption of SFAS No. 156 resulted in a $13 million reduction in the beginning of the year retained earnings, net of tax, as a cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle. However, the impact to total equity was a $4 million increase, net of tax.
We define our classes of servicing rights based on both the availability of market inputs and the manner in which we manage the risks of our servicing assets and liabilities. We manage our servicing rights at the reportable operating segment level. For all servicing assets and liabilities recorded on our consolidated balance sheet at January 1, 2006, the date of adoption, we identified three classes of servicing rights, those pertaining to: residential mortgage in our Residential Capital, LLC (ResCap), reporting segment, auto finance in our North American Operations reporting segment and commercial mortgages. As a result of the sale of approximately 79% of Capmark on March 23, 2006, the commercial mortgage servicing rights are no longer recorded on our consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2006. We have elected to measure our residential mortgage servicing rights at fair value for each reporting date and report changes in fair value in earnings during the period in which the changes occur. At December 31, 2006 and 2005, these mortgage servicing rights were valued at $4.9 billion and $4.0 billion, respectively, on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.
For auto finance servicing assets we have elected to continue to use the amortization method of accounting. Our auto finance servicing assets and liabilities at December 31, 2006, totaled $9 million and $18 million, respectively, and are recorded in other assets and other liabilities, respectively, on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
Statement of Position 05-1 – In September 2005 the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) issued Statement of Position 05-1, Accounting by Insurance Enterprises for Deferred Acquisition Costs in Connection with Modifications or Exchanges of Insurance Contracts (SOP 05-1). SOP 05-1 provides guidance on accounting for deferred acquisition costs on internal replacements of insurance contracts. SOP 05-1 defines an internal replacement and specifies the conditions that determine whether the replacement contract is substantially or unsubstantially changed from the replaced contract. An internal replacement determined to result in a substantially changed contract should be accounted for as an extinguishment of the replaced contract; unamortized deferred acquisition costs and unearned revenue liabilities of the replaced contract should no longer be deferred. An internal replacement determined to result in an unsubstantially changed contract should be accounted for as a continuation of the replaced asset. SOP 05-01 introduces the terms integrated and non-integrated contract features and specifies that non-integrated features do not change the base contract and are to be accounted for in a manner similar to a separately issued contract. Integrated features are evaluated in conjunction with the base contract. SOP 05-1 is effective for internal replacements occurring in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2006. Adoption of SOP 05-1 is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial position or results of operations.
Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 155 – In February 2006 the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Statement of Financial Standards No. 155 Accounting for Certain Hybrid Financial Instruments – an amendment of FASB Statements No. 133 and 140 (SFAS 155). This standard permits fair value remeasurement for any hybrid financial instrument that contains an embedded derivative that otherwise would require bifurcation. SFAS 155 allows an entity to make an irrevocable election to measure such a hybrid financial instrument at fair value on an instrument-by-instrument basis. The standard eliminates the prohibition on a QSPE from holding a derivative financial instrument that pertains to a beneficial interest other than another derivative financial instrument. SFAS 155 also clarifies which interest-only and principal-only strips are not subject to the requirements of SFAS 133, as well as determines that concentrations of credit risk in the form of subordination are not embedded derivatives. SFAS 155 is effective for all financial instruments acquired or issued after the beginning of the fiscal year that begins after September 15, 2006. Adoption of SFAS 155 is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial position or results of operations.
FASB Staff Position – FIN 46(R)-6 – In April 2006 the FASB issued FIN 46(R)-6, Determining the Variability to Be Considered in Applying FASB Interpretation No. 46(R), which requires the variability of an entity to be analyzed based on the design of the entity. The nature and risks in the entity, as well as the purpose for the entity’s creation, are examined to determine the variability in applying FIN 46(R). The variability is used in applying FIN 46(R) to determine whether an entity is a variable interest entity, which interests are variable interests in the entity and who is the primary beneficiary of the variable interest entity. This statement is applied prospectively and is effective for all reporting periods beginning after June 15, 2006. The guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial position or results of operations.
FASB Interpretation No. 48 – In June 2006 the FASB issued Interpretation No. 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes (FIN 48), which supplements Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 109 by defining the confidence level that a tax position must meet in order to be recognized in the financial statements. The Interpretation requires that the tax effects of a position be recognized only if it is “more-likely-than-not” to be sustained solely on its technical merits as of the reporting date. The more-likely-than-not threshold represents a positive assertion by management that a company is entitled to the economic benefits of a tax position. If a tax position is not considered more-likely-than-not to be sustained based solely on its technical merits, no benefits of the position are to be recognized. Moreover, the more-likely-than-not threshold must continue to be met in each reporting period to support continued recognition of a benefit. At adoption, companies must adjust their financial statements to reflect only those tax positions that are more-likely-than-not to be sustained as of the adoption date. Any necessary adjustment would be recorded directly to retained earnings in the period of adoption and reported as a change in accounting principle. The adoption of this Interpretation as of January 1, 2007, is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial position.
FASB Staff Position (FSP) No. 13-2 – In July 2006 the FASB issued FSP No. 13-2 Accounting for a Change or Projected Change in the Timing of Cash Flows Relating to Income Taxes Generated by a Leveraged Lease Transaction, (FSP 13-2), which amends SFAS No. 13, Accounting for Leases, by requiring lessors to recalculate the rate of return and periodic income allocation for leveraged-lease transactions when there is a change or projected change in the timing of income tax cash flows related to the lease. FSP 13-2 requires lessors to use the model in FIN 48 to determine the timing and amount of expected tax cash flows in leveraged-lease calculations and recalculations. FSP 13-2 is effective in the same period as FIN 48. At the date of adoption, the lessor is required to reassess projected income tax cash flows related to leveraged leases using the FIN 48 model for recognition and measurement. Revisions to the net investment in a leverage lease required when FSP 13-2 is adopted would be recorded as an adjustment to the beginning balance of retained earnings and reported as a change in accounting principle. Adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial position or results of operations.
SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 108 – In September 2006 the SEC issued Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) No. 108 Quantifying Financial Misstatements, which expresses the Staff’s views regarding the process of quantifying financial statement misstatements. Registrants are required to quantify the impact of correcting all misstatements, including both the carryover and reversing effects of prior year misstatements, on the current year financial statements. The techniques most commonly used in practice to accumulate and quantify misstatements are generally referred to as the “rollover” (current year income statement perspective) and “iron curtain” (year-end balance perspective) approaches. The financial statements would require adjustment when either approach results in quantifying a misstatement that is material, after considering all relevant quantitative and qualitative factors. SAB 108 did not have a material effect on our current process for assessing and quantifying financial statement misstatements.
SFAS No. 157 – In September 2006 the FASB issued SFAS No. 157 Fair Value Measurements, which provides a definition of fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and requires expanded disclosures about fair value measurements. The statement applies when GAAP requires or allows assets or liabilities to be measured at fair value, and therefore, does not expand the use of fair value in any new circumstance. Fair value refers to the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an arm’s length transaction between market participants, in such markets where we conduct business. SFAS 157 clarifies that fair value should be based on the assumptions market participants would use when pricing an asset or liability and establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the information used to develop those assumptions. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices available in active markets and the lowest priority to data lacking transparency. The level of the reliability of inputs utilized for fair value calculations drive the extent of disclosure requirements of the valuation methodologies used under the standard. SFAS 157 is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007, and interim periods within those years. The provisions of SFAS 157 should be applied prospectively. Management is assessing the potential impact on our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
SFAS No. 158 – In September 2006 the FASB issued SFAS No. 158 Employers’ Accounting for Defined Benefit Pension and Other Postretirement Plans, which amends SFAS No. 87 Employers’ Accounting for Pensions (SFAS No. 87), SFAS No. 88 Employer’s Accounting for Settlements and Curtailments of Defined Benefit Pension Plans and for Termination Benefits (SFAS No. 88), SFAS No. 106 Employer’s Accounting for Postretirement Benefits Other Than Pensions (SFAS No. 106), and SFAS No. 132(R) Employers’ Disclosures about Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits (revised 2003) (SFAS 132(R)). This Statement requires companies to recognize an asset or liability for the overfunded or underfunded status of their benefit plans in their financial statements. The asset or liability is the offset to other comprehensive income, consisting of previously unrecognized prior service costs and credits, actuarial gains or losses and transition obligations and assets. SFAS 158 also required the measurement date for plan assets and liabilities to coincide with the sponsor’s year end. The statement provides two transition alternatives for companies to make the measurement-date provisions. The recognition of asset and liability related to funded status provision is effective for us for fiscal years ending after June 15, 2007, and the change in measurement is effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2008. Adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial position or results of operations.
SFAS No. 159 – In February 2007 the FASB issued SFAS No. 159, The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (SFAS 159). SFAS 159 permits entities to choose to measure at fair value many financial instruments and certain other items that are not currently required to be measured at fair value. Subsequent changes in fair value for designated items will be required to be reported in earnings in the current period. SFAS 159 also establishes presentation and disclosure requirements for similar types of assets and liabilities measured at fair value. SFAS 159 is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007. We are currently assessing the effect of implementing this guidance, which directly depends on the nature and extent of eligible items elected to be measured at fair value, upon initial application of the standard on January 1, 2008.