Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Note 20. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
We have developed the following fair value estimates by utilization of available market information or other appropriate valuation methodologies. However, considerable judgment is required in interpreting market data to develop estimates of fair value, so the estimates are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that could be realized or would be paid in a current market exchange. The effect of using different market assumptions or estimation methodologies could be material to the estimated fair values. Fair value information presented herein is based on information available at December 31, 2006 and 2005. Although management is not aware of any factors that would significantly affect the estimated fair value amounts, such amounts have not been updated since those dates and, therefore, the current estimates of fair value at dates subsequent to December 31, 2006 and 2005 could differ significantly from these amounts. The following describes the methodologies and assumptions used to determine fair value for the respective classes of financial instruments.
Investment Securities
Bonds, equity securities, notes and other available for sale investment securities are carried at fair value, which is primarily based on quoted market prices. The fair value of mortgage-related trading securities is based on market quotes to the extent available, discounted using market prepayment assumptions and discount rates. If external quotes are not available, valuations are based on internal valuation models using market based assumptions. Held to maturity investment securities are carried at amortized cost. The fair value of the held to maturity investment securities is based on valuation models using market based assumptions. Interests in securitization trusts are carried at fair value based on expected cash flows discounted at current market rates.
Loans Held for Sale
The fair value of loans held for sale is based upon actual prices received on recent sales of loans and securities to investors and projected prices obtained through investor indications considering interest rates, loan type and credit quality.
Finance Receivables and Loans, Net
The fair value of finance receivables is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using applicable spreads to approximate current rates applicable to each category of finance receivables. The carrying value of wholesale receivables and other automotive and mortgage lending receivables for which interest rates reset on a short-term basis with applicable market indices are assumed to approximate fair value either because of the short-term nature or because of the interest rate adjustment feature. The fair value of mortgage loans held for investment is based on discounted cash flows, using interest rates currently being offered for loans with similar terms to borrowers with similar credit quality; the net realizable value of collateral and/or the estimated sales price based on quoted market prices where available or actual prices received on comparable sales of mortgage loans to investors.
Notes Receivable from GM
The fair value is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using applicable spreads to approximate current rates applicable to certain categories of other financing assets.
Derivative Assets and Liabilities
The fair value of interest rate swaps is estimated based on discounted expected cash flows using quoted market interest rates. The fair value of caps, written and purchased options, and mortgage-related interest rate swaps is based upon quoted market prices or broker-dealer quotes. The fair value of foreign currency swaps is based on discounted expected cash flows using market exchange rates over the remaining term of the agreement.
Debt
The fair value of debt is determined by using quoted market prices for the same or similar issues, if available, or based on the current rates offered to us for debt with similar remaining maturities. Commercial paper, master notes, and demand notes have an original term of less than 270 days and, therefore, the carrying amount of these liabilities is considered to approximate fair value.
Bank Deposits and Escrows
Bank deposits and escrows deposits represent certain consumer bank deposits as well as mortgage escrow deposits. The fair value of deposits with no stated maturity is equal to their carrying amount. The fair value of fixed-maturity deposits was estimated by discounting cash flows using currently offered rates for deposits of similar maturities.
The following table presents the carrying and estimated fair value of assets and liabilities considered financial instruments under Statements of Financial Accounting Standards No. 107, Disclosures about Fair Value of Financial Instruments (SFAS 107). Accordingly, certain items that are not considered financial instruments are excluded from the table.
2006 |
2005 |
|||||||||||
December 31, ($ in millions) |
Carrying value |
Fair value |
Carrying value |
Fair value |
||||||||
Financial assets |
||||||||||||
Investment securities |
$ |
16,791 |
$ |
16,791 |
$ |
18,207 |
$ |
18,207 |
||||
Loans held for sale |
27,718 |
28,025 |
21,865 |
21,934 |
||||||||
Finance receivables and loans, net |
170,870 |
171,076 |
181,925 |
182,222 |
||||||||
Notes receivable from GM |
1,975 |
1,975 |
4,565 |
4,565 |
||||||||
Derivative assets |
2,544 |
2,544 |
3,000 |
3,000 |
||||||||
Financial liabilities |
||||||||||||
Debt(a) |
237,338 |
237,733 |
255,511 |
247,250 |
||||||||
Bank deposits and escrows |
9,566 |
9,566 |
5,930 |
5,930 |
||||||||
Derivative liabilities |
1,745 |
1,745 |
2,440 |
2,440 |
||||||||
(a) Debt includes deferred interest for zero coupon bonds of $353 and $813 for 2006 and 2005, respectively. |