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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 23. Guarantees, Commitments, Contingencies and Other Risks

Guarantees

Guarantees are defined as contracts or indemnification agreements that contingently require us to make payments to third parties based on changes in an underlying agreement that is related to a guaranteed party. The following summarizes our outstanding guarantees made to third parties, including Capmark for 2005, which has been classified as assets held for sale in our Consolidated Balance Sheet, for the periods indicated:

                       
   
2006
   
2005
December 31, ($ in millions)
Maximum liability
 
Carrying value of liability
 
Maximum
liability
 
Carrying value of liability
Agency/construction lending(a)
$
   
$–
 
$
847
   
$2
Standby letters of credit
 
161
   
7
   
135
   
3
Securitization and sales:
                     
HLTV and international securitizations
 
108
   
   
205
   
1
Other(a)
 
   
   
2,113
   
19
Agency loan program
 
6,390
   
   
6,196
   
Guarantees for repayment of third-party debt
 
617
   
   
393
   
Repurchase guarantees
 
204
   
   
256
   
Non-financial guarantees
 
233
   
   
   
Other guarantees
 
223
   
4
   
108
   
3
(a) On March 23, 2006, GMAC sold approximately 79% of our equity in Capmark and subsequently recorded the remaining balance under the equity method. Prior to the sale, Capmark had a number of guarantees including agency/loan construction lending, agency/loans sold with recourse, and commercial mortgage securitizations.

Standby letters of credit – Our finance operations (primarily through our Commercial Finance Group) issues financial standby letters of credit to customers that represent irrevocable guarantees of payment of specified financial obligations (typically to client’s suppliers). In addition, our ResCap operations issues financial standby letters of credit as part of its warehouse and construction lending activities. Expiration dates on the letters of credit range from 2006 to ongoing commitments and are generally collateralized by assets of the client (trade receivables, cash deposits, etc.).

High loan-to-value (HLTV) and international securitizations – Our ResCap operations have entered into agreements to provide credit loss protection for certain HLTV and international securitization transactions. The maximum potential obligation for certain agreements is equal to the lesser of a specified percentage of the original loan pool balance or a specified percentage of the current loan pool balance. We are required to perform on our guaranty obligation when the bond insurer makes a payment under the bond insurance policy. We pledged mortgage loans held for sale totaling $60 million and $53 million and cash of $9 million and $43 million as collateral for these obligations as of December 31, 2006 and 2005, respectively. For certain other HLTV securitizations, the maximum obligation is equivalent to the pledged collateral amount. We pledged mortgage loans held for sale totaling $57 million and $70 million as collateral for these obligations as of December 31, 2006 and 2005, respectively. The event which will require us to perform on our guaranty obligation occurs when the security credit enhancements are exhausted and losses are passed through to over the counter dealers. The guarantees terminate the first calendar month during which the aggregate note amount is reduced to zero.

Agency loan program – Our ResCap operations deliver loans to certain agencies that allow streamlined loan processing and limited documentation requirements. In the event any loans delivered under these programs reach a specified delinquency status, we may be required to provide certain documentation or, in some cases, repurchase the loan or indemnify the investors for any losses sustained. Each program includes termination features whereby once the loan has performed satisfactorily for a specified period of time we are no longer obligated under the program. The maximum liability represents the principal balance for loans sold under these programs.

Guarantees for repayment of third-party debt – Under certain arrangements, we guarantee the repayment of third-party debt obligations in the case of default. Some of these guarantees are collateralized by letters of credit.

Our Commercial Finance Group provides credit protection to third parties which guarantee payment of specified financial obligations of the third parties customers, without purchasing such obligations.

Repurchase guarantees – Our ResCap operations have issued repurchase guarantees to buyers of certain mortgage loans whereby, if a closing condition or document deficiency is identified by an investor after the closing, we may be required to indemnify the investor if the loan becomes delinquent.

Non-financial guarantees – In connection with the sale of approximately 79% of our equity in Capmark, we were released from all financial guarantees related to the former GMAC Commercial Holdings business. Certain non-financial guarantees did survive closing, but are indemnified by Capmark for payment made or liabilities incurred by us in connection with these guarantees.

Other guarantees – We have other standard indemnification clauses in certain of our funding arrangements that would require us to pay lenders for increased costs resulting from certain changes in laws or regulations. Since any changes would be dictated by legislative and regulatory actions, which are inherently unpredictable, we are not able to estimate a maximum exposure under these arrangements. To date, we have not made any payments under these indemnification clauses.

Our ResCap operations have guaranteed certain amounts related to servicing advances, set-aside letters and credit enhancement and performance guarantees.

In connection with certain asset sales and securitization transactions, we typically deliver standard representations and warranties to the purchaser regarding the characteristics of the underlying transferred assets. These representations and warranties conform to specific guidelines, which are customary in securitization transactions. These clauses are intended to ensure that the terms and conditions of the sales contracts are met upon transfer of the asset. Prior to any sale or securitization transaction, we perform due diligence with respect to the assets to be included in the sale to ensure that they meet the purchaser’s requirements, as expressed in the representations and warranties. Due to these procedures, we believe that the potential for loss under these arrangements is remote. Accordingly, no liability is reflected in our Consolidated Balance Sheet related to these potential obligations. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make would be equal to the current balances of all assets subject to such securitization or sale activities. We do not monitor the total value of assets historically transferred to securitization vehicles or through other asset sales. Therefore, we are unable to develop an estimate of the maximum payout under these representations and warranties.

Commitments

Financing Commitments

The contract amount and gain and loss positions of financial commitments were as follows:

                                   
   
2006
   
2005
December 31, ($ in millions)
Contract amount
 
Gain position
 
Loss position
 
Contract amount
 
Gain position
 
Loss position
Commitments to:
 
Originate/purchase mortgages or securities(a)
$
14,248
 
$
 
$
(48
)
$
16,560
 
$
42
 
$
(4
)
Sell mortgages or securities(a)
 
20,702
   
28
   
(1
)
 
11,592
   
4
   
(28
)
Remit excess cash flows on certain loan portfolios(b)
 
5,334
   
39
   
   
4,305
   
   
(39
)
Sell retail automotive receivables(c)
 
21,500
   
   
   
33,000
   
   
Provide capital to equity method investees(d)
 
278
   
   
   
1,038
   
   
Fund construction lending(e)
 
352
   
   
   
2,387
   
   
Unused mortgage lending commitments(f)
 
9,019
   
   
   
16,097
   
   
Bank certificates of deposit
 
6,686
   
   
   
4,044
   
   
Unused revolving credit line commitments(g)
 
7,381
   
   
   
7,390
   
   
(a) The fair value is estimated using published market information associated with commitments to sell similar instruments. Included as of December 31, 2006 and 2005 are commitments accounted for as derivatives with a contract amount of $37,082 and $25,670, a gain position of $28 and $46 and a loss position of $49 and $32, respectively.
(b) Under certain residential mortgage purchase agreements, we are committed to remitting to its shared execution partners’ cash flows that exceed a required rate of return less credit loss reimbursements to the mortgage originators. This commitment is accounted for as a derivative.
(c) We have entered into agreements with third-party banks to sell automotive retail receivables in which we transfer all credit risk to the purchaser (whole loan sales).
(d) We are committed to lend equity capital to certain private equity funds. The fair value of these commitments is considered in the overall valuation of the underlying assets with which they are associated.
(e) We are committed to fund the completion of the development of certain lots and model homes up to the amount of the agreed upon amount per project.
(f) The fair value of these commitments is considered in the overall valuation of the related assets.
(g) The unused portions of revolving lines of credit reset at prevailing market rates and, as such, approximate market value.

The mortgage lending and revolving credit line commitments contain an element of credit risk. Management reduces its credit risk for unused mortgage lending and unused revolving credit line commitments by applying the same credit policies in making commitments as it does for extending loans. We typically require collateral as these commitments are drawn.

Lease Commitments

Future minimum rental payments required under operating leases, primarily for real property, with noncancelable lease terms that expire after December 31, 2006, were as follows:

     
Year ended December 31, ($ in millions)
   
2007
$
207
2008
 
168
2009
 
115
2010
 
90
2011
 
76
2012 and thereafter
 
212
Total minimum payment required
$
868

Certain of the leases contain escalation clauses and renewal or purchase options. Rental expenses under operating leases were $230 million, $224 million and $230 million in 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively.

Contractual Commitments – We have entered into multiple agreements for information technology, marketing and advertising, and voice and communication technology and maintenance. Many of the agreements are subject to variable price provisions, fixed or minimum price provisions, and termination or renewal provisions. Future payment obligations under these agreements totaled $1,093 million and are due as follows: $322 million in 2007, $440 million in 2008 and 2009, $246 million in 2010 and 2011, and $85 million after 2012.

Extended Service and Maintenance Contract Commitments – Extended service contract programs provide consumers with expansions and extensions of vehicle warranty coverage for specified periods of time and mileages. Such coverage generally provides for the repair or replacement of components in the event of failure. The terms of these contracts, which are sold through automobile dealerships and direct mail, range from 3 to 84 months.

The following table presents an analysis of activity in unearned service revenue.

           
Year ended December 31, ($ in millions)
 
2006
   
2005
Balance at beginning of year
$
3,159
 
$
2,723
Written service contract revenue
 
1,209
   
1,345
Earned service contract revenue
 
(1,207
)
 
(909
)
Balance at end of year
$
3,161
 
$
3,159

Legal Contingencies

We are subject to potential liability under laws and government regulations and various claims and legal actions that are pending or may be asserted against us.

We are named as defendants in a number of legal actions and are, from time to time, involved in governmental proceedings arising in connection with our various businesses. Some of the pending actions purport to be class actions. We establish reserves for legal claims when payments associated with the claims become probable and the costs can be reasonably estimated. The actual costs of resolving legal claims may be substantially higher or lower than the amounts reserved for those claims. Based on information currently available, advice of counsel, available insurance coverage and established reserves, it is the opinion of management that the eventual outcome of the actions against us will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Other Contingencies

We are subject to potential liability under various other exposures including tax, non-recourse loans, self-insurance and other miscellaneous contingencies. We establish reserves for these contingencies when the item becomes probable and the costs can be reasonably estimated. The actual costs of resolving these items may be substantially higher or lower than the amounts reserved for any one item. Based on information currently available, it is the opinion of management that the eventual outcome of these items will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Other Risks

Loans Sold with Recourse

Our outstanding recourse obligations were as follows:

           
December 31, ($ in millions)
2006
 
2005
Loans sold with recourse
$
800
 
$
5,622
Maximum exposure on loans sold with recourse(a):
         
Full exposure
 
189
   
976
Limited exposure
 
58
   
142
Total exposure
$
247
 
$
1,118
(a) Maximum recourse exposure is net of amounts reinsured with third parties totaling $1 and $1 at December 31, 2006 and 2005, respectively. Loss reserves, included in Accrued expenses and other liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheet, related to loans sold with recourse totaled $0 and $11 at December 31, 2006 and 2005, respectively.

Concentrations

Our primary business is to provide vehicle financing for GM products to GM dealers and their customers. Wholesale and dealer loan financing relates primarily to GM dealers, with collateral consisting of primarily GM vehicles (for wholesale) and GM dealership property (for loans). For wholesale financing, we are also provided further protection by GM factory repurchase programs. Retail installment contracts and operating lease assets relate primarily to the secured sale and lease, respectively, of vehicles (primarily GM). Any protracted reduction or suspension of GM’s production or sale of vehicles, resulting from a decline in demand, work stoppage, governmental action or any other event, could have a substantial adverse effect on us. Conversely, an increase in production or a significant marketing program could positively impact our results.

The majority of our finance receivables and loans and operating lease assets are geographically diversified throughout the United States. Outside the United States, finance receivables and loans and operating lease assets are concentrated in Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, Australia, Mexico and Brazil.

Our Insurance operations have a concentration of credit risk related to loss and loss adjustment expenses and prepaid reinsurance ceded to certain state insurance funds. Michigan insurance law and our large market share in North Carolina, result in credit exposure to the Michigan Catastrophic Claims Association and the North Carolina Reinsurance Facility totaling $909 million and $782 million at December 31, 2006 and 2005, respectively.

We originate and purchase residential mortgage loans that have contractual features that may increase our exposure to credit risk and thereby result in a concentration of credit risk. These mortgage loans include loans that may subject borrowers to significant future payment increases, create the potential for negative amortization of the principal balance or result in high loan-to-value ratios. These loan products include interest only mortgages, option adjustable rate mortgages, high loan-to-value mortgage loans and teaser rate mortgages. Our total loan production related to these products and our combined exposure related to these products recorded in finance receivables and loans and loans held for sale (unpaid principal balance) for the years ended and as of December 31, 2006 and 2005 is summarized as follows:

                       
   
Loan production for the year
   
Unpaid principal as of December 31,
($ in millions)
2006
 
2005
 
2006
 
2005
Interest only mortgages
$
48,335
 
$
43,298
 
$
22,416
 
$
19,361
Option adjustable rate mortgages
 
18,308
   
5,077
   
1,955
   
1,114
High loan-to-value (100% or more) mortgages
 
8,768
   
6,610
   
11,978
   
13,364
Below market initial rate (teaser) mortgages
 
257
   
537
   
192
   
411
  • Interest-only mortgages – Allow interest-only payments for a fixed period of time. At the end of the interest-only period, the loan payment includes principal payments and increases significantly. The borrower’s new payment, once the loan becomes amortizing (i.e., includes principal payments), will be greater than if the borrower had been making principal payments since the origination of the loan.
  • Option adjustable rate mortgages – Permit a variety of repayment options. The repayment options include minimum, interest-only, fully amortizing 30-year and fully amortizing 15-year payments. The minimum payment option sets the monthly payment at the initial interest rate for the first year of the loan. The interest rate resets after the first year, but the borrower can continue to make the minimum payment. The interest-only option sets the monthly payment at the amount of interest due on the loan. If the interest-only option payment would be less than the minimum payment, the interest-only option is not available to the borrower. Under the fully amortizing 30-year and 15-year payment options, the borrower’s monthly payment is set based on the interest rate, loan balance and remaining loan term.
  • High loan-to-value mortgages – Defined as first-lien loans with loan-to-value ratios in excess of 100% or second-lien loans that when combined with the underlying first-lien mortgage loan result in a loan-to-value ratio in excess of 100%.
  • Below market rate (teaser) mortgages – Contain contractual features that limit the initial interest rate to a below market interest rate for a specified time period with an increase to a market interest rate in a future period. The increase to the market interest rate could result in a significant increase in the borrower’s monthly payment amount.

All of the mortgage loans we originate and most of the mortgages we purchase (including the higher risk loans in the preceding table) are subject to our underwriting guidelines and loan origination standards. This includes guidelines and standards that we have tailored for these products and include a variety of factors, including the borrower’s capacity to repay the loan, their credit history and the characteristics of the loan, including certain characteristics summarized in the table that may increase our credit risk. When we purchase mortgage loans from correspondent lenders, we either re-underwrite the loan prior to purchase or delegate underwriting responsibility to the correspondent originating the loan. We believe our underwriting procedures adequately consider the unique risks which may come from these products. We conduct a variety of quality control procedures and periodic audits to ensure compliance with our origination standards, including our criteria for lending and legal requirements. We leverage technology in performing both our underwriting process and our quality control procedures.

Capital Requirements

Various of our international subsidiaries are subject to regulatory and other requirements of the jurisdictions in which they operate. These entities operate either as a bank or a regulated finance company in the local market. The regulatory restrictions primarily dictate that these subsidiaries meet certain minimum capital requirements, restrict dividend distributions and require that some assets be restricted. To date, compliance with these various regulations has not had a materially adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Total assets in these entities approximated $15.5 billion and $12.9 billion as of December 31, 2006 and 2005, respectively.

GMAC Bank, which provides services to both the Automotive and ResCap operations, is licensed as an industrial bank pursuant to the laws of Utah and its deposits are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). GMAC is required to file periodic reports with the FDIC concerning its financial condition. Assets in GMAC Bank totaled $20.2 billion at December 31, 2006. As of December 31, 2005, certain depository institution assets were held at a Federal savings bank that was wholly-owned by ResCap. Effective November 22, 2006, substantially all of these federal savings bank assets and liabilities were transferred at book value to GMAC Bank. Total assets of these institutions at December 31, 2005, approximated $16.9 billion.

As of December 31, 2006, we have met all regulatory requirements and were in compliance with the minimum capital requirements.

On June 24, 2005, we entered into an operating agreement with GM and ResCap, the holding company for our residential mortgage business, to create separation between GM and ourselves, on the one hand, and ResCap, on the other. The operating agreement restricts ResCap’s ability to declare dividends or prepay subordinated indebtedness to us. As a result of these arrangements, ResCap has obtained investment grade credit ratings for its unsecured indebtedness that are separate from our ratings. This operating agreement was amended on November 27, 2006, and again on November 30, 2006, in conjunction with the Sale Transactions. Among other things, these amendments removed GM as a party to the agreement.

The restrictions contained in the ResCap operating agreement include the requirements that ResCap’s member’s equity be at least $6.5 billion for dividends to be paid. If ResCap is permitted to pay dividends pursuant to the previous sentence, the cumulative amount of such dividends may not exceed 50% of our cumulative net income (excluding payments for income taxes from our election for federal income tax purposes to be treated as a limited liability company), measured from July 1, 2005, at the time such dividend is paid. These restrictions will cease to be effective if ResCap’s member’s equity has been at least $12 billion as of the end of each of two consecutive fiscal quarters or if we cease to be the majority owner. In connection with the Sale Transactions, GM was released as a party to this operating agreement, but it remains in effect between ResCap and us. At December 31, 2006, ResCap had consolidated equity of approximately $7.7 billion.

GMAC Insurance is subject to certain minimum aggregated capital requirements, restricted net assets, and restricted dividend distributions under applicable state insurance law, the National Association of Securities Dealers, the Financial Services Authority in England, the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institution of Canada and the National Insurance and Bonding Commission of Mexico. To date, compliance with these various regulations has not had a materially adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Under the various state insurance regulations, dividend distributions may be made only from statutory unassigned surplus, and the state regulatory authorities must approve such distributions if they exceed certain statutory limitations. Based on the December 31, 2006 statutory policyholders’ surplus, the maximum dividend that could be paid by the insurance subsidiaries over the next twelve months without prior statutory approval approximates $303 million.

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